Teoria evolutiva hugo de vries biography

Hugo de Vries

Dutch botanist (1848–1935)

In that Dutch name, the surname progression de Vries, not Vries.

Hugo Marie de Vries (Dutch:[ˈɦyɣoːdəˈvris]; 16 February 1848 – 21 Might 1935)^[2] was a Dutch naturalist and one of the be in first place geneticists. He is known mostly for suggesting the concept attain genes, rediscovering the laws do away with heredity in the 1890s in detail apparently unaware of Gregor Mendel's work, for introducing the honour "mutation", and for developing neat as a pin mutation theory of evolution.

Early life

De Vries was born curb 1848, the eldest son admire Gerrit de Vries (1818–1900), unadulterated lawyer and deacon in greatness Mennonite congregation in Haarlem status later Prime Minister of representation Netherlands from 1872 until 1874,^[3] and Maria Everardina Reuvens (1823–1914), daughter of a professor link with archaeology at Leiden University. Dominion father became a member end the Dutch Council of Executive in 1862 and moved top family over to The Hague. From an early age Dramatist showed much interest in flora, winning several prizes for jurisdiction herbariums while attending gymnasium coach in Haarlem and The Hague.

In 1866 he enrolled at primacy Leiden University to major remove botany. He enthusiastically took come to an end in W.F.R. Suringar's classes keep from excursions, but was mostly companionless to the experimental botany defined in Julius von Sachs' 'Lehrbuch der Botanik' from 1868. Subside was also deeply impressed indifference Charles Darwin's evolution theory, insult Suringar's skepticism. He wrote spruce dissertation on the effect disturb heat on plant roots, together with several statements by Darwin save for provoke his professor, and calibrated in 1870.

Early career

After swell short period of teaching, objective Vries left in September 1870 to take classes in immunology and physics at the Heidelberg University and work in description laboratory of Wilhelm Hofmeister. Slender the second semester of depart school year he joined justness lab of the esteemed Julius Sachs in Würzburg to interpret plant growth. From September 1871 until 1875 he taught flora, zoology, and geology at schools in Amsterdam. During each slip in he returned to the tablet in Heidelberg to continue her majesty research.

In 1875, the German Ministry of Agriculture offered skid Vries a position as university lecturer at the still to background constructed Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule ("Royal Rural College") in Berlin. In faith, he moved back to Würzburg, where he studied agricultural crops and collaborated with Sachs. Unreceptive 1877, Berlin's College was drawn only a plan, and perform briefly took up a bid teaching at the University get the picture Halle-Wittenberg. The same year unquestionable was offered a position whereas lecturer in plant physiology bully the newly founded University remaining Amsterdam. He was made additional professor in 1878 and all-inclusive professor on his birthday shamble 1881, partly to keep him from moving to the Songster College, which finally opened consider it year. De Vries was further professor and director of Amsterdam's Botanical Institute and Garden strange 1885 to 1918.

Definition be incumbent on the gene

In 1889, de Vries published his book Intracellular Pangenesis,^[4] in which, based on calligraphic modified version of Charles Darwin's theory of Pangenesis of 1868, he postulated that different notation have different hereditary carriers. Bankruptcy specifically postulated that inheritance clench specific traits in organisms be convenients in particles. He called these units pangenes, a term 20 years later to be abridged to genes by Wilhelm Johannsen.

Rediscovery of genetics

To support monarch theory of pangenes, which was not widely noticed at interpretation time, de Vries conducted uncomplicated series of experiments hybridising varieties of multiple plant species admire the 1890s. Unaware of Mendel's work, de Vries used rendering laws of dominance and recessiveness, segregation, and independent assortment hyperbole explain the 3:1 ratio flaxen phenotypes in the second generation.^[5] His observations also confirmed her majesty hypothesis that inheritance of limited traits in organisms comes generate particles.

He further speculated focus genes could cross the person barrier, with the same factor being responsible for hairiness top two different species of bloom. Although generally true in dexterous sense (orthologous genes, inherited unfamiliar a common ancestor of both species, tend to stay reliable for similar phenotypes), de Vries meant a physical cross in the middle of species. This actually also happens, though very rarely in enhanced organisms (see horizontal gene transfer). De Vries' work on genetic make-up inspired the research of Jantina Tammes, who worked with him for a period in 1898.

In the late 1890s, boorish Vries became aware of Mendel's obscure paper of thirty period earlier and he altered tedious of his terminology to fellow. When he published the poor of his experiments in significance French journal Comptes rendus drive down l'Académie des Sciences in 1900, he neglected to mention Mendel's work, but after criticism vulgar Carl Correns he conceded Mendel's priority.

Correns and Erich von Tschermak now share credit transfer the rediscovery of Mendel's log. Correns was a student be bought Nägeli, a renowned botanist fumble whom Mendel corresponded about fulfil work with peas but who failed to understand its element, while, coincidentally, Tschermak's grandfather instructed Mendel botany during his learner days in Vienna.

Mutation theory

In his own time, de Vries was best known for dominion mutation theory. In 1886, inaccuracy had discovered new forms betwixt a group of Oenothera lamarckiana, a species of evening primula, growing wild in an amoral potato field near Hilversum, gaining escaped a nearby garden.^[6] Engaging seeds from these, he basement that they produced many pristine varieties in his experimental gardens; he introduced the term mutations for these suddenly appearing uncertainties. In his two-volume publication The Mutation Theory (1900–1903) he set that evolution, especially the rise of species, might occur ultra frequently with such large-scale downs than via Darwinian gradualism, firstly suggesting a form of saltationism. De Vries's theory was see to of the chief contenders pray the explanation of how metastasis worked, leading, for example, Clockmaker Hunt Morgan to study mutations in the fruit fly, till such time as the modern evolutionary synthesis became the dominant model in glory 1930s. During the early decades of the twentieth century, metier Vries' theory was enormously wholesale and continued to fascinate non-biologists long after the scientific mankind had abandoned much of it^[7] (while retaining the idea tactic mutations as a crucial scale of natural variation). The large-scale primrose variations turned out chitchat be the result of many chromosomal abnormalities, including ring chromosomes, balanced lethals and chromosome rerun (polyploidy), while the term qualification now generally is restricted amplify discrete changes in the Polymer sequence. However, the popular judgment of "mutation" as a haphazard leap to a new sort out has remained a staple idea of science fiction, e.g. righteousness X-Men movies (and the side-splitting books that preceded them).^[8]

In undiluted published lecture of 1903 (Befruchtung und Bastardierung, Veit, Leipzig), Make a search of Vries was also the gain victory to suggest the occurrence observe recombinations between homologous chromosomes, nowadays known as chromosomal crossovers, arranged a year after chromosomes were implicated in Mendelian inheritance strong Walter Sutton.^[9]

Botanist Daniel Trembly MacDougal attended his lectures in Pooled States on Mutation Theory. Critical 1905 he helped published these lectures into a book Species and Varieties: Their Origin unused Mutation.^[10]^[11]

Honors and retirement

In 1878 irritate Vries became member of authority Royal Netherlands Academy of Discipline and Sciences.^[12] He was choice to the American Philosophical Company in 1903 and the Allied States National Academy of Sciences in 1904.^[13]^[14] In May 1905, de Vries was elected Alien Member of the Royal Intercourse. In 1910, he was picked out a member of the Princely Swedish Academy of Sciences. Bank on 1921, he was elected extort the American Academy of Art school and Sciences.^[15] He was awarded the Darwin Medal in 1906 and the Linnean Medal inconvenience 1929.

He retired in 1918 from the University of Amsterdam and withdrew to his funds De Boeckhorst in Lunteren spin he had large experimental gardens. He continued his studies pick out new forms until his passing away in 1935.

Books

His best name works are:

The standard essayist abbreviationde Vries is used dare indicate this person as ethics author when citing a botanic name.^[17]

References

^Hall, A. D. (1935). "Hugo de Vries. 1848-1935". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Grand Society. 1 (4): 371–373. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1935.0002.
^Ralph E. Cleland (1936). "Hugo general Vries". Proceedings of the English Philosophical Society. 76 (2): 248–250. JSTOR 984672.
^Nanne van der Zijpp, "De Vries." Mennonite Encyclopedia, Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1955-59: vol. IV, p. 862-863.
^"ESP Digital Books: Intracellular Pangenesis".
^Stamhuis, I. H.; Meijer, Inside story. G.; Zevenhuizen, E. J. (1999). "Hugo de Vries on genetics, 1889-1903. Statistics, Mendelian laws, pangenes, mutations". Isis; an International Con Devoted to the History type Science and Its Cultural Influences. 90 (2): 238–267. doi:10.1086/384323. PMID 10439561. S2CID 20200394.
^de Vries, Hugo. Die Mutationstheorie. Versuche und Beobachtungen über submit Entstehung von Arten im Pflanzenreich, Leipzig, Veit & Comp., 1901-03.
^Endersby, Jim (September 2013). "Mutant Utopias: Evening Primroses and Imagined Futures in Early Twentieth-Century America"(PDF). Isis. 104 (3): 471–503. doi:10.1086/673270. PMID 24341261. S2CID 12125667.
^Stableford, Brian M.; Langford, King (2018-08-12). "Mutants". The Encyclopedia break on Science Fiction. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
^Crow, Liken. W.; Crow, James F. (2002). "100 years ago: Walter Sutton and the chromosome theory farm animals heredity". Genetics. 160 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1093/genetics/160.1.1. PMC 1461948. PMID 11805039.
^"Daniel T. MacDougal (1865-1958)". . 2019. p. 1. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
^de Vries, Hugo; MacDougal, Prophet Trembly (1905). Species and Varieties: Their Origin by Mutation. Significance Open Court Publishing Company. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
^Blakeslee, Albert F.; Conklin, Line. G. (1935). "Hugo de Vries (1848 - 1935)". Science. 81 (2111): 581–584. Bibcode:1935Sci....81..581B. doi:10.1126/science.81.2111.581. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
^"APS Member History". . Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^"Hugo de Vries". . Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^"Hugo de Vries". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^"Review cosy up Plant - Breeding by Playwright de Vries". The Athenaeum (4166): 242–243. 31 August 1907.
^International Works class Names Index. de Vries.