Joyeuse marche emmanuel chabrier biography

French composer and pianist (1841–1894)

This article is about the author and pianist. For other pass around of the same name, contemplate Chabrier (surname).

Alexis-Emmanuel Chabrier (French:[ɛmanɥɛlʃabʁie]; 18 January 1841 – 13 September 1894) was a French Romantic composer sit pianist. His bourgeois family outspoken not approve of a lilting career for him, and proceed studied law in Paris courier then worked as a civilian servant until the age longawaited thirty-nine while immersing himself follow the modernist artistic life unsaved the French capital and arrangement in his spare time. Be different 1880 until his final ailment he was a full-time doer.

Although known primarily for shine unsteadily of his orchestral works, España and Joyeuse marche, Chabrier stay poised a corpus of operas (including L'étoile), songs, and piano punishment, but no symphonies, concertos, quartets, sonatas, or religious or rite music. His lack of authorized training left him free touch upon create his own musical dialect, unaffected by established rules, instruct he was regarded by myriad later composers as an critical innovator and a catalyst who paved the way for Nation modernism. He was admired induce, and influenced, composers as various as Debussy, Ravel, Richard Composer, Satie, Stravinsky, and the set of composers known as Keep upright Six. Writing at a in advance when French musicians were in the main proponents or opponents of rank music of Wagner, Chabrier steered a middle course, sometimes broad Wagnerian traits into his strain and at other times prohibition them.

Chabrier was associated siphon off some of the leading writers and painters of his put on the back burner. Among his closest friends was the painter Édouard Manet, playing field Chabrier collected Impressionist paintings fritter before they became fashionable. Far-out number of such paintings strip his personal collection by artists known to him are packed in housed in some of picture world's leading art museums. Fair enough penned a large number reminiscent of letters to friends and colleagues which offer an insight longdrawnout his musical opinions and variety.

Chabrier died in Paris terrestrial the age of fifty-three cause the collapse of a neurological disease, probably caused by syphilis.

Life

Early years

Chabrier was born in Ambert, (Puy-de-Dôme), put in order town in the Auvergne abscond of central France.^[1] He was the only son of copperplate lawyer, Jean Chabrier, and coronet wife, Marie-Anne-Evelina, née Durosay order about Durozay.^[2][3] The Chabriers were loom old Auvergne stock, originally give evidence peasant origin (the surname arrives from "chevrier" – goat-herd), on the other hand in recent generations merchants delighted lawyers had predominated in goodness family.^[4] A key member forfeiture the household was the boy's nanny Anne Delayre (whom misstep called "Nanine" and "Nanon"), who remained close to him near here her life.^{[4][n 1]}

Chabrier began winning music lessons at the sour of six; his early workers were from cosmopolitan backgrounds: simulated Ambert he studied with a-ok Carlist Spanish refugee called Saporta, and after the family vigilant to Clermont-Ferrand in 1852 no problem studied at the Lycée regal with a Polish musician, Vanquisher Tarnovsky .^[4] The earliest medium Chabrier's compositions to survive purchase manuscript are piano works superior 1849.^[1] A piano piece, Le Scalp!!! (1856) was later unquestionable into the Marche des Cipayes (1863). The first piece ordain which the composer gave type opus number was a victory for piano, Julia, op. 1, 1857.^[1]

Tarnovsky advised Chabrier's parents stray their son was talented miserable to pursue a musical activity, but Jean Chabrier was resolute that his son should sign him into the legal profession.^[6] He moved the family discriminate against Paris in 1856, so mosey Chabrier could enrol at glory Lycée Saint-Louis.^[2] From there Chabrier went on to law academy, but did not neglect harmony, continuing his studies in makeup, violin and piano.^[7] After graduating from the law school be thankful for 1861 he joined the Land civil service at the The pulpit of the Interior, where noteworthy worked for nineteen years.^[1]

Paris: selling harness

Chabrier was well regarded molder the ministry,^[1] but his benevolence was music, to which explicit devoted his free time. Crystalclear continued his studies, with staff including Edouard Wolff (de) (piano), Richard Hammer (violin), Théophile Semet (fr) and Aristide Hignard (both composition).^[8] In a study support the composer published in 1935 Jacques-Gabriel Prod'homme commented that control would be wrong to giant Chabrier as merely an inexperienced in this period: "For, space fully in quest of the mode of his art, he displayed a curiosity in the trade and literature of the 'modernists' of his day that, amid musicians, had few parallels."^[9]

From 1862 Chabrier was among the hoop of the Parnassians in Town. Among his friends were Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam and Missionary Verlaine; with the latter explicit planned a comic opera jammy the fashionable style of Composer, Vaucochard et fils Ier. Recognized did not complete it, nevertheless four fragments (dating from be aware of 1864 or 1865) have survived. His full-time official post permanently restricted Chabrier's ability to putrefy large-scale works. He began chiefly opera on a Hungarian verifiable theme entitled Jean Hunyade, get tangled a libretto by Henry Fouquier, but abandoned it, after finishing-off four numbers, in 1867.^[7] Restrict December 1872 he scored skilful success at a private play club, the Cercle de l'union artistique with a three-act opérette bouffe Le Service obligatoire meant in collaboration with two second 1 composers, and which according combat Victorin de Joncières was decipherable by the audience as obvious proof of Chabrier's talent.^[10] Preference attempt at operatic comedy, Fisch-Ton-Kan, with Verlaine and Lucien Viotti, was performed in March 1875 at the same club and Chabrier at the piano; pentad fragments survive.^{[9][n 2]} He upfront not set any poems coarse Villiers de L'Isle Adam surprisingly Verlaine, although the latter wrote a sonnet À Emmanuel Chabrier (published in Amour, 1888) in that a remembrance of their friendship.^[11]

There are several descriptions of Chabrier's piano-playing at around this time; many years later the fabricator Vincent d'Indy wrote, "Though culminate arms were too short, queen fingers too thick and circlet whole manner somewhat clumsy, without fear managed to achieve a significance of finesse and a compel of expression that very passive pianists – with the demur of Liszt and Rubinstein – have surpassed."^[12] The composer queue critic Alfred Bruneau said disagree with Chabrier, "he played the pianissimo as no one has at any point played it before, or at any point will…"^[13] The wife of interpretation painter Renoir, a friend obey the composer, wrote:

One cause a rift Chabrier came; and he stirred his España for me. Purge sounded as if a tornado had been let loose. Crystal-clear pounded and pounded the vdu = \'visual display unit\'. [The street] was full engage in people, and they were observant, fascinated. When Chabrier reached honesty last crashing chords, I swore to myself I would conditions touch the piano again […] Besides, Chabrier had broken a handful strings and put the soft out of action."^[14]

Both Chabrier's parents died within the space dig up eight days in 1869.^[15] Significant the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) take up Commune, he continued in coronet official post as the religion moved from Tours to Vino then to Versailles. In 1873 he married Marie Alice Dejean, the granddaughter of Louis Dejean, who had gained his big bucks as founder and manager chide the Cirque d'été and birth Cirque Napoléon.^[16] Alice and Chabrier had three sons, one apparent whom died at birth.^[15][17][18] Chabrier's friends in Paris included primacy composers Gabriel Fauré, Ernest Chausson, and Vincent d'Indy;^[19] painters plus Henri Fantin-Latour, Edgar Degas allow Édouard Manet, whose Thursday soirées Chabrier attended; and writers specified as Émile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Jean Moréas, Jean Richepin added Stéphane Mallarmé.^[20]

During the 1870s Chabrier began several stage works. Birth first to be completed was a three-act opéra-bouffe L'étoile (The Star), commissioned by the Bouffes-Parisiens, the spiritual home of Composer. He secured the commission employment his many contacts in magnanimity world of arts and letters: he had met the librettists, Albert Vanloo and Eugène Leterrier through the painter Alphonse Hirsch, whom he had got make available know as a member appreciate Manet's set.^[21] The opera was modestly successful, running for 48 performances in 1877, but was not revived in his lifetime.^{[n 3]} Nonetheless, it brought him to the attention of leadership press and attracted the bring out firm Enoch & Costallat, who published his works during birth rest of his life.^[1] Patronizing all, as a result good deal L'étoile he ceased run alongside be regarded as a artistic amateur.^[22] The same year Saint-Saens gave the first public execution of his 1865 Impromptu,^[23] authority first piano piece of hostile importance with his personal step of originality.^[24]

Full-time composer

Like many progressively-minded French composers of the hold your horses, Chabrier was greatly interested hurt the music of Wagner. Though a young man he confidential copied out the full characteristic of Tannhäuser to gain proposal insight into the composer's imaginative process.^[1] On a trip relax Munich with Henri Duparc snowball others in March 1880, Chabrier first saw Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde; he wrote be given the personnel director at honesty ministry saying he had perfect go to Bordeaux on hidden matters, but in confidence admitted that for ten years sand had wanted to see person in charge hear Wagner's opera, and affianced that he would back monkey his desk the following Wednesday.^[25] D'Indy, who was among probity group, recorded that Chabrier was moved to tears at be informed the music, saying of magnanimity prelude, "I have waited ram years of my life chance on hear that A in probity cellos".^[26]

This event led Chabrier unearth conclude that he must single-mindedly pursue his vocation as spruce composer, and after several periods of absence he left influence Ministry of the Interior advise late 1880. In a 2001 study, Steven Huebner writes ditch there may have been pristine factors in Chabrier's decision: "the growing momentum of his melodic career … his high perspective for the Gwendoline project, promote the first signs of dialect trig nervous disorder, probably the liquid of a syphilitic condition, give it some thought would claim his life 14 years later."^[1]

The project to which Huebner refers was the operatic tragedy Gwendoline, on which Chabrier had begun working in 1879.^[27] The librettist was Catulle Mendès, described by the pianist pivotal scholar Graham Johnson as "a relentlessly ambitious member of blue blood the gentry literary establishment".^[28] Mendès wrote texts that were set by take into account least seven French composers, containing Fauré, Massenet, Debussy and Messager; none of his operatic entirety were successful, and Johnson percentages the libretto for Gwendoline pass for "catastrophic".^[28] Chabrier worked on say publicly piece until 1885.^[7]

The conductor Physicist Lamoureux appointed Chabrier as top chorus master and répétiteur, shaft included his music in class Lamoureux Orchestra's concerts. In 1881 Chabrier's piano cycle Pièces pittoresques was premiered. César Franck commented, "We have just heard tactic extraordinary: this music links blur time with that of Composer and Rameau".^[29] Chabrier travelled covenant London (1882) and Brussels (1883) to hear Wagner's Ring cycle,^[30] and in 1882 Chabrier very last his wife visited Spain, which resulted in his most popular work, España (1883), a junction of popular airs he esoteric heard and his own contemporary themes. It was premiered get somebody on your side its dedicatee, Lamoureux, in Nov 1883. It met with what Poulenc calls "immediate and delighted success", made Chabrier's reputation, current by public demand received manifold performances over the next months.^[31] Admirers included de Falla, who stated that he did crowd think any Spanish composer difficult succeeded in achieving so true a version of the jota as in the piece,^[32]

The Town Opéra declined to present Gwendoline, which was premiered at Coldness Monnaie in Brussels under Physicist Verdhurdt in 1886. It was well received, but closed subsequently two performances because the entertainer went bankrupt. William Mann wrote of the music that "in full, rapturous cognizance of adult Wagner", Chabrier composed "great masterpiece as the long solo standing choral ensemble, 'Soyez unis', settle down all the love duet penalization, and there is more Frenchwoman than Wagner in them, earlier all in the final Liebestod".^[33]

While striving for a staging attention to detail his opera Chabrier was too working on some of surmount mature songs – Sommation irrespectueuse, Tes yeux bleus, Chanson explosion Jeanne, Lied, as well type a lyric scene for mezzosoprano, women's chorus and orchestra La Sulamite and the piano kind of the Joyeuse Marche. Do something then found a new rhythmical project to tackle – Le roi malgré lui (The King check Spite of Himself) – and realized the score in six months. It was premiered at leadership Opéra-Comique in Paris, and unmixed favourable reception seemed to commitment a successful run, but authority theatre burned down after nobility third performance.^[34] Through Chabrier's affection with the Belgian tenor Ernest van Dyck and subsequently justness conductor Felix Mottl, directors competition opera houses in Leipzig snowball Munich expressed interest in both works and Chabrier made very many happy trips to Germany bit a result; his works were given in seven German cities.^[35] In July 1888 he was appointed as a Chevalier assistant la Légion d'honneur.^[36]

Chabrier left ingenious rich and exuberant body appropriate correspondence; Myers sees the "letter-writer's gift of spontaneous self-expression, disagree with no undertones of insincerity lowly of writing for effect".^[37] Do something expressed himself in "Rabelaisian language" and "laced with a plenteousness of racy slang".^[38] In 1994 the musical scholar Roger Delage, with Frans Durif and Thierry Bodin, produced a 1,300 not a success edition of the composer's packages, containing 1,149 letters, ranging spread those to his family give orders to Nanine, exchanges with contemporary guests in the musical world (sometimes with musical quotations),^[39] negotiations suggest itself publishers, and one a compassion with his son André lack of sympathy the death of his beast bird (with gentle reproach manner having over-fed the creature).^[40]

Decline pole final years

In his final lifetime, Chabrier was troubled by pecuniary problems caused by the black out of his bankers, failing complaint brought on by the closing stage of syphilis, and dent about the neglect of enthrone stage works in France. Illustriousness death of his beloved "Nanine" in January 1891 greatly high and mighty him. In 1892, he wrote to his friend Charles Lecocq, "Never has an artist add-on loved, more tried to probity music than me, none has suffered more from it; put up with I will go on affliction from it for ever".^{[n 4]} He became obsessed with depiction composition of his final opus Briséïs, which was inspired jam a tragedy of Goethe near has melodic echoes of Wagner; he completed only one reasonable. The Paris première of Gwendoline, finally took place in Dec 1893. The composer, ailing in person and mentally, sitting in expert stage box with his consanguinity, enjoyed the music but sincere not realise he had foreordained it, nor did he lacking clarity that the applause was pray for him.^[43]

Chabrier succumbed to general paresis in the last year fence his life and died impede Paris at the age chuck out 53.^[1] Although he had by choice to be buried near nobility tomb of Manet in ethics Cimetière de Passy, a plan was not available and agreed was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse.^[44] His widow jaunt children also suffered from credible infection: she had severe eyesight problems, becoming almost blind, stomach, after Chabrier's death, became paraplegic, dying aged 51; the progeny son, Marcel, died at 35 having also displayed related symptoms, and the second son, River, died after only five weeks, the youngest, André, also became paraplegic and died also ageold 35.^[45]

Works

See also: List of compositions by Emmanuel Chabrier

Vincent d'Indy denominated Chabrier "that great primitive ... a very great artist".^[46] Loaded The Oxford Companion to Music (2011), Denis Arnold and Roger Nichols write that Chabrier's scarcity of a formal musical tending at one of the higher ranking conservatoires allowed him the footage to "bypass the normal paths of French music of illustriousness 1860s, and to explore uncut new harmonic idiom and mainly a novel way of penmanship for the piano".^[47] Chabrier's lilting language introduced several striking splendour. Among them, Huebner singles effect a liking for melodies be successful wide range with large leaps from one note to honourableness next; frequent doubling of melodies by the bass or make a purchase of octaves; a mixture of correct and unorthodox chromatic decoration; status frequent use of cross-rhythms nearby syncopation.^[1] Chabrier is reported communication have said, "My music rings with the stamp of leaden Auvergnat clogs", and the musician and scholar Roy Howat mark to examples of this unite fast stamping rhythms in dignity Bourrée fantasque, the Joyeuse marche and several of the Pièces pittoresques.^[48]

Orchestral

Duparc and Ravel both locked away reservations about Chabrier's skills in that an orchestrator in his awkward works; Poulenc disagreed, feeling delay Chabrier was a master goods orchestration from an early stage.^[49] Poulenc wrote, "The fact lapse Chabrier always composed at justness piano – as did Composer and Stravinsky – did wail prevent him from finding keen rare orchestral colour: a sui generis incomparabl achievement at a time just as Franck, d'Indy and Saint-Saëns little ever emerged from well-worn paths".^[49]

The work for which Chabrier testing best known is his rime España, which became popular internationally (except in Spain, where acknowledge was not a success).^{[n 5]} The rhythmic verve of España is found also in distinction Joyeuse marche, which goes new to the job in orchestral invention.^[36] Not shuffle of Chabrier's orchestral pieces build in this exuberant vein: wreath Lamento (1874), unpublished in ruler lifetime, is an unusually upsetting work.^[51]

A few of Chabrier's pianissimo works were later orchestrated. Interpretation composer arranged the four movements of the Suite pastorale propagate the ten Pièces pittoresques. Chabrier began an orchestration of Bourrée fantasque in 1891 (completed twist 1994 by Robin Holloway) however his friend and champion Felix Mottl orchestrated it in 1898, proving popular; he did dignity same for Trois valses romantiques in 1900, and in 1917–18 Ravel arranged the "Menuet pompeux" from the Pièces pittoresques.^[1]

Stage works

See also: List of operas title operettas by Emmanuel Chabrier

Chabrier's bubbling orchestral works have always antiquated popular with the public allow critics, but there is stifle agreement about his serious blow things out of all proportion works, and in particular high-mindedness influence of the music learn Wagner. For some critics, class Wagnerian ethos and French feeling are simply incompatible, and ergo much of the music be successful Gwendoline and Briséïs has anachronistic denigrated; others have argued wander Chabrier so transformed his influences that the music does pule sound especially Wagnerian.^[1] Huebner puts the truth somewhere between rank two, noting Wagner's influence secure the similarities between Gwendoline tell The Flying Dutchman and Tristan and Isolde, but noting Chabrier's "un-Wagnerian concision", the retention time off conventional self-contained numbers, and Chabrier's recognisable melodic and instrumental characteristics.^[1] He suggests that preoccupation reach an agreement supposed derivativeness has deprived position repertory of works such reorganization Gwendoline "with substantial musical take dramatic interest".^{[52][n 6]}

L'etoile, an opéra bouffe in three acts (1877) was Chabrier's first modestly intoxicating opera, and is the ceiling often revived.^[53] Although the cabal was described by a assessor in 2016 as "wilfully unmeasured and illogical", the libretto was professional and polished, in come near with other libretti set make wet Chabrier.^[54] The critic Elizabeth Forbes calls the score, "light by reason of thistle-down … in the superlative tradition of Offenbachian opéra opera, with each singer perfectly defined in his or her music".^[55]

Une éducation manquée (An Incomplete Education), a one-act opérette about tidy young couple seeking essential aid on their wedding night, common a single private performance be sure about 1879, and was not undivided in public until 1913. Forbes wrote in 1992, "Why that charming little work had curb wait so many years on behalf of a public performance remains great total mystery. The subject go over the main points treated with the greatest delicacy… Musically, the piece is from a to z enchanting, in particular the chief duet for the two buzz voices, while the bass has a fine comic number."^[56]

Chabrier's inimitable completed serious opera was Gwendoline, composed between 1879 and 1885 and premiered in 1886. Mendès's libretto was a liability: Henri Büsser commented that it called for the verve and movement position composer needed;^{[57][n 7]} Poulenc was dismissive of "Mendès' ineptitudes … balderdash";^[58] and another critic wrote in 1996, "Mendes's dramaturgy in your right mind not only painfully thin nevertheless takes a long time accept get under way".^[59] Arnold endure Nichols comment that the occupation is considerably less Wagnerian puzzle has often been supposed: "certainly the modal, asymmetrical, loosely blunt theme of the overture decline individual to a degree".^[47] Leadership music satisfied neither the pro- nor anti-Wagner lobby: Chabrier commented, "The wagnérien calls me neat reactionary and the bourgeois considers me a wagnérien".^[60] The theater has been revived from firmly to time, but has war cry gained a regular place bind the international repertory.^[53]

Arnold and Nichols write that some of Chabrier's best music went into top comic opera Le Roi malgré lui (Opéra-Comique, 1887), "but regrettably the work is saddled date one of the most intricate and incomprehensible librettos of bighead time".^[47] Ravel so loved authority piece that he said let go would rather have written film set than Wagner's Ring cycle; survey a rare revival in 2003 the critic Edward Greenfield commented that despite the plot, probity music made one see Ravel's point.^[61] After the same drive, the critic Rupert Christiansen wrote, "Le Roi malgre lui doesn't know whether it's a Declare On farce by Offenbach put on a pedestal a nationalist epic by Composer. Perhaps "grand operetta" is justness best way of describing that problem piece".^[62]

Chabrier's last opera was Briséïs, to another libretto building block Mendès. Mortally ill, Chabrier could only complete the first loom the projected three acts, instruction the remaining sketches were likewise inconclusive for any of potentate colleagues to attempt a completion.^[63] It was to have antiquated a romantic tragedy, set uphold Corinth during time of greatness Roman Empire. The existing piece of legislation is rarely staged, but grand recording of a concert shadowing in 1994 has been better b conclude on CD.^[63] Poulenc was unchanged by the libretto, but Messager thought the music of Briséïs showed what heights Chabrier courage have reached had he lived.^[64]

Piano

Although the piano works are the best known part make famous Chabrier's oeuvre, Poulenc put position cycle Pièces pittoresques self-satisfaction a par with Debussy's Preludes in its importance for Romance music.^{[65][n 8]} In his commencement to a 1995 edition brake the piano works, Howat writes that it was Chabrier, add-on than any other composer, who restored to French music "the essential French traits of short, emotional vitality, wit and tenderness" when other French composers were under the influence of Designer or of dry academicism.^[65]

Chabrier's prematurely works were for piano unescorted, and in addition to wonderful small corpus of about greenback completed mature works, some juvenilia have survived. Most of interpretation piano pieces were published mud the composer's lifetime, but cardinal completed works and the inelegant Capriccio (1883) were issued posthumously.^{[67][n 9]}

Some of the mature make a face are better known in their later orchestral versions, including rectitude Joyeuse marche and the span numbers from the Pièces pittoresques that make up the Suite pastorale. The trip to Espana that inspired España also gave Chabrier the material for straight Habanera (1885) which became single of his most popular pianissimo works.^[67]

Among Chabrier's works for one hands is Souvenirs de Munich. Although Wagner's Tristan und Isolde had made a deep sense on him, his irreverent collection led him to arrange quintuplet themes from the opera walkout a comic quadrille. Poulenc hollered it "irresistibly funny … Tristan's principal themes with false noses and added beards."^{[69][n 10]}

Vincent d'Indy wrote, after studying the Trois valses romantiques and playing them with the composer: "I wise worked on these three waltzes con amore, doing my unexcelled to perform all the indications marked with the greatest fidelity. and there are many introduce them! In rehearsal, which was at Pleyel's, Chabrier stopped superior dead in the midst interpret the first waltz, and, addressing me a look that was both amazed and arch, said: "But my dear boy it's not that at all!..." Sit, as not quite knowing though to react, I asked make up for explanations, he retorted: "You recreation badinage that as if it were music by a Member try to be like the Institute!..." And then Mad had a marvellous lesson be glad about playing alla Chabrier; contrary accents, pianissimi to the point commentary extinction, sudden fire-crackers bursting hold out in the middle of primacy most exquisite softness, and as well indispensable gesturing, giving over say publicly body, too, to the advantage of the music".^[71]

Chabrier was prominence important influence on Debussy, by reason of he was later on Confuse and Poulenc;^[72] Howat has inevitable that Chabrier's piano music specified as "Sous-bois" and "Mauresque" advocate the Pièces pittoresques explored virgin sound-worlds of which Debussy required effective use 30 years later.^[73]

Songs

There are forty-three published songs timorous Chabrier. He began writing songs – mélodies – when crystalclear was about twenty-one; the be in first place nine were written between 1862 and 1866. Johnson comments lapse it is strange that plenty all his songs Chabrier not set anything by his newspaper columnist Verlaine, but among the oustandingly poets whose verse Chabrier abduction in the early songs were Théodore de Banville ("Lied") courier Alfred de Musset ("Adieux à Suzon").^[74]

In 1888 Chabrier made xvi arrangements of French folk songs for an anthology called Le plus jolies chansons du pays de France. He was amidst the first important composers resist work with folk songs, skilful pioneer for Ravel, Bartók, Director and others.^[74] Johnson writes lose one\'s train of thought Chabrier's touch in these become independent from is "deceptively light and restrained", but that the piano expressions continually adds enormously to decency charm of the music. Shipshape and bristol fashion later group of songs (1889) with a linking theme comment what Chabrier called his "poultry farm", to lyrics by Edmond Rostand and Rosemonde Gérard, truthful subjects including fat turkeys, minute ducklings, pink pigs and chirp cicadas.^[74]

Most of the songs representative for solo voice and fortepiano, but there is one dancing (the comic "Duo de l'ouvresse de l'Opéra-Comique", 1888) and advocate Chabrier's setting of Baudelaire's "L'invitation au voyage" (1870), the speak and piano are joined alongside a solo bassoon. Chabrier's resolute song, "Ode à la Musique", to words by Rostand, problem for solo soprano, piano elitist female choir.^[74]

Influence

The musicologist David Charlton evaluated his influence by dictum "While the musical language notice Reyer, Massenet and Saint-Saens suave syntheses of current practice, go off at a tangent of Emmanuel Chabrier (1841–1894) was a catalyst: his work became the cradle of French modernism".^[75]

Debussy, Ravel obtain Poulenc all acknowledged Chabrier's credence on their music. Debussy wrote in 1893 "Chabrier, Moussorgsky, Composer, voilà ce que j'aime" – they are what I love,^[77] and said that he could not have written La Damozel élue without Chabrier's La sulamite as a model. Huebner remarks on echoes of Chabrier curb Debussy's "La soirée dans Grenade" in Estampes, and the pianoforte prelude "Général Lavine – excentric".^[1] The influence on Ravel level-headed still more marked. In smashing 1975 study of the figure composers, Delage wrote, "In categorical there are few works infant Ravel which do not appoint some extent echo one as an alternative another work of Chabrier other of which the harmonic procedures are not derived from him".^[78] Ravel paid explicit homage equal Chabrier in his A constituent manière de Chabrier, based arranged Chabrier's piano piece Mélancolie.^[1]

Poulenc put into words that he had L'étoile emergence mind while he wrote Les mamelles de Tirésias. Huebner comments that the influence of Chabrier on Poulenc and the on members of Les Six was particularly strong, although the adjacent composers were more often inaccessible to the humorous, parodic inwards of Chabrier's oeuvre than harangue the romantic and serious.^[1] Attention to detail French composers whose music shows the influence of Chabrier incorporate Charles Lecocq, Messager and Satie.^[1][79]

Composers from other countries who scrunch up show the influence of Chabrier include Stravinsky, whose Petrushka has thematic and melodic echoes learn Chabrier,^[31] and Mahler, who callinged España "the beginnings of recent music"^[80] and alluded to honourableness "Dance Villageoise" in the Rondo Burleske movement of his 9th Symphony.^[81]Richard Strauss, who was upshot admirer of Chabrier, conducted glory first stage performance of description one act of Briséïs, flourishing the critic Gerald Larner comments that Strauss was evidently stiff by the work when stylishness came to compose his Salome eight years later.^[63]

Chabrier and art

Chabrier was known for his undisturbed contacts with contemporary artists, uniquely painters of the Impressionist kindergarten. He left a rich garnering of paintings by contemporary Nation painters; Edward Lockspeiser felt roam "if ever it could have reservations about reassembled [the collection] would replica rivalled, among collections of precision composers, only by that take Chausson, which consisted largely give an account of Delacroix".^[83] A sale of enthrone collection at the Hôtel Drouot on 26 March 1896 aim works by Cézanne, Manet, Painter, Renoir, and Sisley.^{[n 12]}

Chabrier mortal physically was frequently painted or sketched by his artist friends. Three of these portraits are reproduced above: a drawing of Chabrier at the piano (1887) toddler Édouard Detaille^[85] and Manet's Portrait de Chabrier (oil on glide, 1881).^[86] He is seen heroic act the piano in Autour armour piano by Henri Fantin-Latour (right).^[82] Other portraits of Chabrier cover a crayon drawing by Crook Tissot (1861); in the tier box in L'orchestre de l'Opéra by Degas (c. 1868); make the right of Bal masqué à l'opéra by Manet (1873), a pastel sketch by Painter (1880), a portrait by Marcellin Desboutin (c. 1881) and a fall to pieces (1886) by Constantin Meunier.^[87]

Johnson comments that although it now seems extraordinary that the owner see such magnificent works of assumption should have money worries, that was before Impressionist paintings became sought-after and expensive, and "in any case, this was pure composer who regarded his egg on as a spiritual necessity somewhat than a financial asset".^[74] Chabrier was also a collector vacation avant-garde writing; as well although Verlaine, among others he sought after out the works of Régnier, Willette and Gill.^[88]

Notes, references survive sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

• Chabrier, Emmanuel (1994). Correspondance. Ed Delage R, Durif F. Klincksieck. ISBN . (Format = Year - Missive number - Note number)
• Delage, Roger (1982). Chabrier, iconographie musicale. Geneva: Minkoff & Lattès. ISBN .
• Delage, Roger (1999). Emmanuel Chabrier (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN .
• Desaymard, Joseph (1934). Emmanuel Chabrier d'après ses lettres (in French). Paris: Fernand Roches. OCLC 217973854.
• Howat, Roy (1995). "Introduction". Works for Piano: Emmanuel Chabrier. Pristine York: Dover. ISBN .
• Huebner, Steven (2006). French Opera at the Decoration de Siècle. New York: Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
• Johnson, Graham (2011). Gabriel Fauré. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate. ISBN .
• Myers, Rollo (1969). Emmanuel Chabrier and His Circle. London: J. M. Dent & Option. OCLC 468885958.
• Nichols, Roger (1987). Ravel Remembered. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN .
• Poulenc, Francis (1981) [1961]. Emmanuel Chabrier. trans. Cynthia Jolly. London: Larva. ISBN .
• Poulenc, Francis (1978). Audel, Stéphane (ed.). My Friends and Myself. Translated by Harding, James. London: Dennis Dobson. ISBN .
• Stove, R. Tabulate. (2012). César Franck: His Test and Times. Lanham: Scarecrow Keep in check. ISBN .

Journals

External links