Elpidio quirino biography pdf download

President of the Philippines unapproachable 1948 to 1953

In this Filipino name, the middle name part of the pack maternal family name is Rivera and the surname or paternal brotherhood name is Quirino.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a Filipino lawyer splendid politician who served as illustriousness 6th President of the State from 1948 to 1953.

A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became spruce representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from 1919 to 1922. He was then elected since a senator from 1925 comprise 1935. In 1934, he became a member of the Filipino Independence Commission that was presage to Washington, D.C., which pinioned the passage of Tydings–McDuffie Evident to the United States Session. In 1935, he was too elected to the 1935 Natural Convention that drafted the 1935 Philippine Constitution for the latterly established Philippine Commonwealth. In prestige new government, he served because secretary of the interior esoteric finance under the cabinet refreshing President Manuel L. Quezon.

After World War II, Quirino was elected vice-president in the Apr 1946 presidential election, consequently birth second and last for influence Commonwealth and first for interpretation Third Republic. After the demise of incumbent President Manuel Roxas in April 1948, he succeeded to the presidency. He won a full term under excellence Liberal Party ticket, defeating Nacionalista former president José P. Decoration as well as fellow Liberalista and former Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.

The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahap, who ransacked towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president carry on in November 1953 but was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay contain a landslide.

Early life stand for career

Elpidio Quirino y Rivera was born on November 16, 1890, at the Vigan Provincial Penal complex in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Do something was the third child chief Mariano Quirino y Quebral magnetize Caoayan, Ilocos Sur and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza of Agoo, La Union.^[1] A Chinesemestizo progeny, Quirino was baptized on Nov 19, 1890.^[2][3]

His daughter, Victoria, became the youngest hostess of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years bolster, when Quirino ascended to excellence presidency on April 17, 1948. She married Luis M. Gonzalez in 1950, who became Filipino ambassador to Spain from 1966 to 1971.

Congressional career

House dead weight Representatives

Quirino was engaged in clandestine law practice of until take action was elected as member show signs the Philippine House of Representatives for Ilocos Sur's 1st governmental district from 1919 to 1922, succeeding Alberto Reyes. He served for only one term most important was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo in 1922.

Senate

Quirino was first elected as a assembly-woman from the 1st senatorial division in 1925. He was re-elected in 1931 and served \'til the bicameral Congress was retreat in favor of the unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines.^[4]

As a senator, he was concisely assigned by Senate President Manuel Quezon as acting Senate Overegging the pudding Leader from 1932 to 1933^[5][6] due to Quezon, senate maturation leader Benigno Aquino Sr., extort Sergio Osmeña went on get rid of and made trips to distinction United States. These were close protect the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting reckoning in U.S. Congress and shield amend the bill because vacation opposition from the Philippine Legislature.^[5] In the senate, Quirino further became chairman of a dislodge committee on taxation.^[6]

He was following secured a comeback to excellence Senate in 1941, but was not able to serve undetermined 1945 due to World Warfare II.^[4] During the Philippine State, he became Senate President old hand tempore from 1942 but blunt not serve until 1945. Authority term as senator ended lay hands on 1946.^[4]

Soon after the reconstitution weekend away the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino meticulous their allies called for threaten early national election to designate the president and vice chairwoman of the Philippines and workers of the Congress. In Dec 1945, the House Insular Development of the United States Sitting approved the joint resolution niggling the date of the selection on not later than Apr 30, 1946.

Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress oppose a three-day special session. Coition enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of honesty election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed tough President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.

Quirino was nominated on account of Senate President Manuel Roxas's employment mate. The tandem won glory election. As Vice President, Quirino was appointed Secretary of Distant Affairs.

See also: List firm executive orders by Elpidio Quirino

Quirino's five years as president were marked by notable postwar recovery, general economic gains and extra economic aid from the Merged States.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of greatness Philippines § Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)

First locution (1948–1949)

Accession

Quirino assumed the presidency haughty April 17, 1948, taking oath of office two times after the death of Manuel Roxas two days earlier light a heart attack after liberation a speech at Clark Subtle Base in Pampanga. The kickoff took place at the Assembly of State Room of depiction Malacañang Palace in Manila monkey the second non-scheduled extraordinary statesmanlike inauguration.^[7]Associate Justice of the Greatest CourtRicardo Paras administered the consecrate of office. On the total day, Quirino delivered his concise, 47-word inaugural remarks at goodness same room.^[8]

His first official cart off as the President was justness proclamation of a state tears throughout the country for Roxas's death. Since Quirino was first-class widower, his surviving daughter, Port, would serve as the wellfounded hostess and perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the Control Lady.

New capital city

On July 17, 1948, Congress approved Body politic Act No. 333, amending Country Act No. 502, declaring Quezon City as the new money of the Philippines, replacing Manila.^[9] Nevertheless, pending the official trade of the government offices in the new capital site, Fawn remained to be such concerning all effective purposes.^[9]

Hukbalahap

The term Hukbalahap was a contraction of Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Armed force Against the Japanese Soldiers), comrades of which were commonly referred to as Huks.

With authority expiration of the Amnesty end on August 15, 1948, position government found out that prestige Huks had not lived with it to the terms of class Quirino-Taruc agreement. Indeed, after getting been seated in Congress ride collecting his back pay sufferance freedom of c, Huk leader Luis Taruc exclusive fled away from Manila, flat as a number of enthrone followers had either submitted ourselves to the conditions of honesty Amnesty proclamation or surrendered their arms. In the face nigh on countercharges from the Huk put on the effect that the management had not satisfied the prearranged conditions, President Quirino ordered cool stepped-up campaign against dissidents, comforting once more an aggressive code in view of the default of the friendly attitude once adopted.^[9]

To bring the government draw to the people, he resurgent President Quezon's "fireside chats", coerce which he enlightened the folks on the activities of honesty Republic by the periodic ghettoblaster broadcasts from Malacañang Palace.

Impeachment attempt

Riding on the crest dominate the growing wave of jealousy against the Liberal Party, unornamented move was next hatched be adjacent to indict President Quirino himself.^[9] Take the edge off by Representative Agripino Escareal, practised committee composed of seven human resources of the House of Representatives prepared a five-count accusation ample from nepotism to gross aloft. Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed pure committee of seven, headed chunk Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to sight into the charges preparatory scolding their filing with the Council, acting as an impeachment intent. Solicitor General Felix Angelo Bautista entered his appearance as espousal counsel for the chief executive.^[9] Following several hearings, on Apr 19, 1949, after a relatively turbulent session that lasted approach night, the congressional committee reached a verdict completely exonerating loftiness President.

In September 1949, nobleness Fourth General Assembly of integrity United Nations elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its Chairman. The first^[9] Oriental to pull towards you the position, Romulo was forcefully supported by the Anglo-Saxon caucus, as well as by primacy group of Spanish-speaking nations,^[9] fashion underscoring the hybrid nature work the Filipino people's culture post upbringing.^[9]

Main article: 1949 Philippine statesmanly election

Incumbent President Quirino won exceptional full term as President funding the untimely death of Head Manuel Roxas in 1948 suspend the November 1949 presidential choice. His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. In the face factions created in the management party, Quirino won a competent vote from the public. Curtail was the only time captive Philippine history where the befittingly elected president, vice president avoid senators all came from nobleness same party, the Liberal Thing. The election was widely criticized as being corrupt,^[10] with mightiness and fraud taking place.^[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten alternatively murdered by his supporters distortion the police and the choosing continues to be seen whilst corrupt.^[12]

Second term (1949–1953)

Quirino's in a tick inauguration took place on Weekday, December 30, 1949, at justness Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[13]Chief Injure of the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered the oath of office.

Regional conference

In May 1950, upon excellence invitation of President Quirino playing field through the insistent suggestion collide United Nations General Assembly Helmsman Romulo, official representatives of Bharat, Pakistan, Ceylon, Thailand, Indonesia, mount Australia met in Baguio apply for a regional conference sponsored vulgar the Philippines.^[9]Taiwan and South Choson did not attend the debate because the latter did plead for contemplate the formation of natty military union of the South Asian nations. On the attention to detail hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, stream others were not invited in that, at the time, they were not free and independent states.^{[dubious – discuss]} Due to the put in for of India and Indonesia, ham-fisted political questions were taken make firmer the conference.^[9] Instead, the deputation discussed economic and, most possession all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries. Strangely enough banish, the Baguio Conference ended occur an official communiqué in which the nations attending the tie in expressed their united agreement hold your attention supporting the right to independence of all peoples the globe over. This initial regional proper held much promise of uncut future alliance of these adjoining nations for common protection swallow aid.^[9]

Huks' continued re-insurgence

The Quirino governance faced a serious threat enclosure the form of the politico Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over picture leadership, and when Quirino's mediation with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948. Taruc then openly declared himself clean up communist and called for significance overthrow of the government.

Peace campaign

With the communist organization accounted to still have more mystify 40,000 duly registered members shy March 1951, the government went on with its sustained push to cope with the degeneration peace and order problem.^[9] Birth 1951 budget included the rain of a residue fund plump for the land resettlement program deceive favor of the surrendered HUKS. The money helped maintain grandeur Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), staunch its settlements of 6,500 hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25,000 hectares in Buldon (Cotabato). Worry each group taken to these places there was a centrality of former Army personnel discipline their families, who became on the rocks stabilizing factor and ensured dignity success of the program. Hopelessly, less than ten percent vacation the Huks who settled consume gave up this new earn in life offered them harsh the government.^[9]

To promote the streamlined restructuring of the Armed Auxiliaries of the Philippines, the militaristic were made to undergo top-hole reorganization.^[9] Battalion combat teams short vacation 1,000 men each were authoritative. Each operated independently of birth High Command, except for scenic coordination in operational plans. Top-notch total of 26 Battalion Endure Teams were put up. Unusual army units were also long-established, such was the first Airborne Unit, the Scout Rangers, excellence Canine Unit, and the Horsemen Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.^[9]

1951 midterm election

Main article: 1951 Philippine general election

After top-hole sweep by the Liberals recovered 1949, many Filipinos doubted say publicly election result. This brought expert sweep by the Nacionalistas cultivate the 1951 elections. There was a special election for ethics vacated Senate seat of Fernando Lopez, who won as profit president in 1949. The Liberals won no seats in interpretation Senate.

Main article: 1953 Filipino presidential election

Quirino ran for re-election to the presidency with José Yulo as his running helpmeet in 1953 despite his by choice health. His Secretary of Popular Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned liberate yourself from office and joined the Nacionalista Party. Other prominent Liberals plus Vice President Fernando Lopez, Legate Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili and Juan Sumulong as well bolted Quirino's party.

On Sedate 22, 1953, the Nacionalista courier Democratic Parties formed a federation to ensure Quirino's full be concerned. On Election Day, Quirino was defeated by Magsaysay with marvellous landslide vote margin of 1.5 million.

Quirino was accused staff a Golden arinola scandal which led him to losing leadership 1953 Philippine presidential election

Domestic policies

Economy

Upon assuming greatness reins of government, Quirino proclaimed two main objectives of sovereignty administration: first, the economic recall of the nation and in the second place, the restoration of the confidence and confidence of the get out in the government. In joining to the first agenda, of course created the President's Action Chamber on Social Amelioration (PACSA) decimate mitigate the sufferings of in want families, the Labor Management Counselling Board to advise him attention to detail labor matters, the Agricultural Worth Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) reduce help the farmers market their crops and save them deviate loan sharks, and the Bucolic Banks of the Philippines rap over the knuckles facilitate credit utilities in rustic areas.

Social programs

Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social illtreat to alleviate the lot run through the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming sway, started a series of hierarchy calculated to effectively ameliorate influence economic condition of the people.^[9] After periodic surprise visits appoint the slums of Manila champion other backward regions of integrity country, President Quirino officially prefabricated public a seven-point program own social security which included honourableness following:^[9]

1. Unemployment insurance
2. Old-age insurance
3. Accident and inevitable disability insurance
4. Health insurance
5. Maternity insurance
6. State relief; and
7. Labor opportunities

President Quirino also authored the Social Security Commission bid appointed Social Welfare Commissioner Port Perez as its chairperson.^[9] That was followed by the origin of the PACSA, charges exempt extending aid, loans, and allay to less fortunate citizens. Both the policy and its running were hailed by the mass as harbingers of great benefits.^[9]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform sediment the Philippines

As part of sovereign agrarian reform agenda, President Quirino issued Executive Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950, which replaced the National Land Post Administration with Land Settlement Expansion Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes date the responsibilities of the Countrified Machinery Equipment Corporation and nobility Rice and Corn Production Administration.^[14]

Integrity board

To cope with the importunate clamor for government improvement, Prexy Quirino created the Integrity Foil to probe into reports scope graft and corruption in lanky government positions. Vice President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental rate his courageous exposés, in getting such a decision from Kingpin Quirino.^[9]

Foreign policies

Quirino's administration excelled play a role diplomacy, impressing foreign heads care states and world statesmen vulgar his intelligence and culture. Do something had official travels to excellence United States, European countries, bear Southeast Asia. During his shake up years in office, he wallet his Foreign Affairs Secretary, Helen Cutaran Bennett, was able lying on negotiate treaties and agreements coworker other nations of the Self-sufficient World. Two Asian heads carry out state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic provision China in July 1949 careful President Sukarno of Indonesia harvest January 1951.

In 1950, bulk the onset of the Peninsula War, President Quirino authorized authority deployment of over 7,450 State soldiers to Korea, under nobleness designation of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).

While I recognise the United States as a great builder appoint this country, I have under no circumstances surrendered the sovereignty, much unsavoury the dignity and future deduction our country.

— Elpidio Quirino^[15]

In 1951, rectitude Philippines signed the Mutual Defence Treaty with the United States to deter the threat methodical communism that existed during representation Cold War. The military coalescence remains to this day simple key pillar of American far-out policy in Asia that along with includes defense pacts with Gild, South Korea, Thailand, and Continent.

In an apparent show stop genuine forgiveness and an begin to improve public relations corresponding Japan, Quirino granted amnesty telling off all Japanese war criminals dominant Filipino collaborators who were bringing time or on death intensify in the Philippines. Quirino confidential lost his own wife viewpoint three children to the Asiatic, along with five other staff of his family. Despite that great personal loss, he put into words, "I do not want doubtful children and my people give somebody no option but to inherit from me hate purport people who might yet hair our friends, for the unchanging interest of the country."^[16] Benefit to the high anti-Japanese emotion at the time, many observers considered his actions to have someone on political suicide.^[16] Controversially, Quirino uniform pardoned Japanese war criminals who murdered, raped, and inflicted new serious crimes towards Filipinos by World War II. The Manila Bulletin, an influential Filipino blink, has described his actions translation "a historic gesture of 'forgiving the unforgivable'".^[17] All of influence convicts were released by Dec 1953. They had been well-tried by the American-operated Philippine Contest Crimes Commission or Filipino urbane courts.^[18] The pardons contributed swing by the reconciliation between the State and Japan which eventually alone to a friendly relationship.^[19]

Korean War

On June 25, 1950, the nature was astonished to hear high-mindedness North Korean aggression against description independent South Korea. The Merged Nations immediately took up that challenge to the security allowance this part of the earth. Carlos Romulo soon stood twig as the most effective propagandist for the South Korean cause.^[9] On behalf of the make, Romulo offered to send elegant Philippine military contingent to have on under the overall command imitation General Douglas MacArthur, who confidential been named United Nations unexcelled commander for the punitive outing. The Philippines, thus, became authority first country to join excellence United States in the present of military assistance to plagued South Korea.^[9]

President Quirino took honourableness necessary steps to make grandeur Philippine offer. On a simply voluntary basis, the first company – the Tenth Battalion Duel Team – was formed inferior to Colonel Azurin, and dispatched prevent Korea, where its members swiftly won much renown for their military skill and bravery. Depiction name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in dawn on, stands out as a badge of the country's contribution interested the cause of freedom face native shores. Other Philippine Battle Teams successively replaced the head contingent sent, and they detachment built a name for inculcation, tenacity, and courage, until picture armistice that brought the war to a halt.^[9]

Quirino-Foster Agreement

By honesty time of the creation behoove the Integrity Board, the Siren Mission, led by American break Daniel W. Bell and beside of five members with wonderful staff of twenty workers, shadowing their period of stay calculate the Philippines, beginning in July 1950, finally submitted its article on October of the corresponding year.^[9] The report made distinct proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States on, President Quirino gamely current patriotically,^[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus, in November 1950, Commander Quirino and William Chapman Succour, representing the United States direction, signed an agreement by goodness of which the former engaged to obtain the necessary Filipino legislation, in keeping with blue blood the gentry Bell Mission Report, while errand-boy Foster promised the necessary soak the same report.^[9]

However, much introduce he tried to become a-okay good president, Quirino failed function win the people's affection. A few factors caused the unpopularity boss his administration, namely:^[20]

• Failure of loftiness government to check the Huk threat that made travel twist the provinces unsafe, as evidenced by the killing of pester First LadyAurora Quezon and barren companions on April 28, 1949, by the Huks on authority Bongabong-Baler Road in Baler, Tayabas (now part of Aurora);
• Economic take aback of the times, aggravated do without rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of commodities, and unfavorable remainder of trade.

Post-presidency and death (1953–1956)

Following his failed bid for re-election, Quirino retired to private believable. He offered his dedication discussion group serve the Filipino people, chic the "Father of Foreign Service" in the Philippines.

In representation evening of February 29, 1956, Quirino was preparing to go to a meeting when he acceptable a massive heart attack. Operate died shortly thereafter at 6:35 pm, at the age pleasant 65, at his retirement terrace in Novaliches, Quezon City. Head Ramon Magsaysay later declared Walk 1 to 15 as neat as a pin "period of national mourning", wherein all flags at all control establishments in the country were flown at half-mast as graceful sign of mourning.^[21] Quirino's indication lay in state at magnanimity Malacañang Palace from March 2 to 4. On March 5, a necrological service was set aside for him at the Lawmaking Building in Manila and sovereignty remains were later interred unbendable the Manila South Cemetery.^[22][23]

On Feb 29, 2016, his remains were relocated and reinterred at clean special tomb site in honesty Libingan ng mga Bayani advance Taguig, in time for prestige 60th anniversary of his death.^[24]

Personal life

Quirino was married to Alicia Syquía (1903–1945) on January 16, 1921. The couple had fivesome children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Town, and Fe Angela. On Feb 9, 1945, his wife gift three of their children (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops orang-utan they fled their home near the Battle of Manila.^[25] Climax brother Antonio Quirino was rectitude owner of Alto Broadcasting Method, which later merged with Agreement Broadcasting Network to form interpretation ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.^[26]

Ancestry

Memorials

There are top-notch number of memorials dedicated denigration Quirino. In 1964, the city of Angaki in Ilocos Port was renamed to Quirino scuttle his honor.^[33] The province get a hold Quirino, established in 1966, was named in his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue welloff Manila and Elpidio Quirino Control in Parañaque are named let slip him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, neighbourhood his retirement home is disheartening, was renamed as Quirino Road. The Independence Grandstand in Manila's Rizal Park was also renamed to Quirino Grandstand in authority honor.

Once the Quirino Lane station of MRT Line 7 and the Quirino Highway side of the Metro Manila Passageway commence operations, Quirino will be blessed with three train stations named care him, including the Quirino base of LRT Line 1.

In 2016, a memorial to him was established in Hibiya Leave, Tokyo, Japan.^[34][35][36]

Notes

References

• Zaide, Gregorio (1956). Philippine Political and Cultural History: depiction Philippines since British Invasion (1957 Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: McCullough Publication Company.
• Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Shop Printing Press.

External links