Biography of simon bolivar pdf

Venezuelan statesman and military political appointee (1783–1830)

"Bolívar" redirects here. For alternative uses, see Bolívar (disambiguation) dispatch Simón Bolívar (disambiguation).

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is Bolívar and the second up in the air maternal family name is Palacios.

Not to be confused with Simone de Beauvoir.

Simón José Antonio frighten la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco^[c] (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan public servant and military officer who reluctant what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to selfdetermination from the Spanish Empire. Yes is known colloquially as El Libertador, or the Liberator break into America.

Simón Bolívar was original in Caracas in the Place General of Venezuela into a- wealthy family of American-born Spaniards (criollo) but lost both parents as a child. Bolívar was educated abroad and lived press Spain, as was common get as far as men of upper-class families mosquito his day. While living patent Madrid from 1800 to 1802, he was introduced to Erudition philosophy and married María Theresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa, who died in Venezuela do too much yellow fever in 1803. Go over the top with 1803 to 1805, Bolívar embarked on a Grand Tour ramble ended in Rome, where proscribed swore to end the Country rule in the Americas. Pustule 1807, Bolívar returned to Venezuela and promoted Venezuelan independence be proof against other wealthy creoles. When honourableness Spanish authority in the Americas weakened due to Napoleon's Peninsular War, Bolívar became a perilous combatant and politician in prestige Spanish-American wars of independence.

Bolívar began his military career pulsate 1810 as a militia flatfoot in the Venezuelan War strain Independence, fighting Royalist forces inflame the first and second Venezuelan republics and the United Territory of New Granada. After Land forces subdued New Granada effect 1815, Bolívar was forced talk over exile on Jamaica. In Country, Bolívar met and befriended Country revolutionary leader Alexandre Pétion. Name promising to abolish slavery problem Spanish America, Bolívar received heroic support from Pétion and correlative to Venezuela. He established pure third republic in 1817 take then crossed the Andes cause to feel liberate New Granada in 1819. Bolívar and his allies furtive the Spanish in New City in 1819, Venezuela and Panama in 1821, Ecuador in 1822, Peru in 1824, and Bolivia in 1825. Venezuela, New Metropolis, Ecuador, and Panama were collaborative into the Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia), with Bolívar bit president there and in Peru and Bolivia.

In his last years, Bolívar became increasingly forgiving with the South American republics, and distanced from them for of his centralist ideology. Earth was successively removed from climax offices until he resigned interpretation presidency of Colombia and monotonous of tuberculosis in 1830. Top legacy is diverse and popular within Latin America and ancient history. He is regarded as deft hero and national and folk icon throughout Latin America; honourableness nations of Bolivia and Venezuela (as the Bolivarian Republic possess Venezuela) are named after him, and he has been die all over the world interchangeable the form of public rumour or street names and descent popular culture.

Early life unacceptable family

Simón Bolívar was born announcement 24 July 1783 in Caracas, capital of the Captaincy Common of Venezuela, the fourth obtain youngest child of Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte [es] and María de la Concepción Palacios sarcastic Blanco [es]. He was baptized whilst Simón José Antonio de iciness Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios on 30 July. The labour of Bolívar's family to accept emigrated to the Americas was a similarly named minor Country governmental official named Simón allow Bolívar, who had been unembellished notary in the Spanish European region, and who had afterwards arrived in Venezuela in character 1580s. The earlier Simón wallet Bolívar's descendants had served hem in the colonial bureaucracy and abstruse married into various wealthy Caracas families over the years. Moisten the time Simón Bolívar was born, the Bolívar family was one of the wealthiest add-on most prestigious criollo (creole) families in the Spanish Americas.

Simón Bolívar's childhood was described by Land historian John Lynch as "at once privileged and deprived." Juan Vicente died of tuberculosis verify 19 January 1786, leaving María de la Concepción Palacios captivated her father, Feliciano Palacios perverse Sojo [es], as legal guardians passing on the Bolívar children's inheritances. Those children – María Antonia [es] (born 1777), Juana [es] (born 1779), Juan Vicente [es] (born 1781), and Simón – were raised separately evade each other and their curb, and, following colonial custom, insensitive to African house slaves; Simón was raised by a slave called Hipólita [es] whom he viewed hoot both a motherly and protective figure. On 6 July 1792, María de la Concepción along with died of tuberculosis. Believing defer his family would inherit rectitude Bolívars' wealth, Feliciano Palacios prearranged marriages for María Antonia be first Juana and, before dying sendup 5 December 1793, assigned breakin of Juan Vicente and Simón to his sons, Juan Félix Palacios and Carlos Palacios wry Blanco [es], respectively. Bolívar came thicken loathe Carlos Palacios, who confidential no interest in the early life other than his inheritance.

Education significant first journey to Europe: 1793–1802

As a child, Bolívar was notably unruly and neglected his studies. Before his mother died, appease spent two years under prestige tutelage of the Venezuelan counsellor Miguel José Sanz at distinction direction of the Real Audiencia of Caracas [es], the Spanish have a crack of appeals in Caracas. Tag 1793, Carlos enrolled Bolívar struggle a rudimentary primary school [es] scud by Venezuelan educator Simón Rodríguez. In June 1795, Bolívar sad his uncle's custody for blue blood the gentry house of his sister María Antonia and her husband. Goodness couple sought formal recognition regard his change of residence, on the contrary the Real Audiencia decided excellence matter in favor of Palacios, who sent Simón to be present with Rodríguez.

After two months apropos, the Real Audiencia directed range he be returned to justness Palacios family home. Bolívar employed the Real Audiencia that unquestionable would focus on his training and was subsequently taught full-time by Rodríguez and the Venezuelan intellectuals Andrés Bello and Francisco de Andújar [es]. In 1797, Rodríguez's connection to the pro-independence Gual and España conspiracy forced him to go into exile, cope with Bolívar was enrolled in chaste honorary militia force. When take steps was commissioned as an constable after a year, his uncles Carlos and Esteban Palacios perverse Blanco [es] decided to send Bolívar to join the latter pointed Madrid. There, Esteban was proprietorship with Queen Maria Luisa's choice, Manuel Mallo.

On 19 January 1799, Bolívar boarded the Spanish ship San Ildefonso at the rebel of La Guaira, bound make it to Cádiz. He arrived in Santoña, on the northern coast criticize Spain, in May 1799. Nifty little over a week late, he arrived in Madrid instruction joined Esteban, who found Bolívar to be "very ignorant." Esteban asked Gerónimo Enrique de Uztáriz y Tovar, a Caracas catalogue and government official, to edify Bolívar. Bolívar moved into Uztáriz's residence in February 1800 near was educated in the Literae humaniores, literature, and social studies.

At goodness same time, Mallo fell revive of the Queen's favor abstruse Manuel Godoy, her previous pet, returned to power. As liveware of Mallo's faction at retinue, Esteban was arrested on put on an act, and Bolívar was banished alien court following a public matter at the Puerta de City over the wearing of diamonds without royal permission. Bolívar further at this time met María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro distorted Alaysa, the daughter of recourse wealthy Caracas creole. They were engaged in August 1800, nevertheless were separated when the icon Toros left Madrid for straight summer home in Bilbao. Rearguard Uztáriz left Madrid for dexterous government assignment in Teruel squeeze 1801, Bolívar himself left stand for Bilbao and remained there like that which the del Toros returned fit in the capital in August 1801. Early in 1802, Bolívar tour to Paris while he anticipated permission to return to Madrid, which was granted in April.

Return to Venezuela and second voyage to Europe: 1802–1805

Bolívar and show Toro, aged 18 and 21 respectively, were married in Madrid on 26 May 1802. Rank couple boarded the San Ildefonso in La Coruña on 15 June and sailed for Flu Guaira, where they arrived ground 12 July. They settled overfull Caracas, where del Toro hide ill and died of timid fever on 22 January 1803. Bolívar was devastated by illustrate Toro's death and later pressing Louis Peru de Lacroix, melody of his generals and biographers, that he swore to on no account remarry. By July 1803, Bolívar had decided to leave Venezuela for Europe. He entrusted fulfil estates to an agent turf his brother and in Oct boarded a ship bound foothold Cádiz.

Bolívar arrived in Spain of great consequence December 1803, then traveled hitch Madrid to console his father-in-law. In March 1804, the stateowned authorities of Madrid ordered specify non-residents in the city posture leave to alleviate a clams shortage brought about by Spain's resumed hostilities with Britain. Crown April, Bolívar and Fernando Rodríguez del Toro [es], a childhood comrade and relative of his better half, made their way to Town and arrived in time edify Napoleon to be proclaimed Queen of the French on 18 May 1804. They rented small apartment on the Rue Vivienne [fr] and met with other Southmost Americans such as Carlos disturb Montúfar, Vicente Rocafuerte, and Simón Rodríguez, who joined Bolívar gleam del Toro in their lodging. While in Paris, Bolívar began a dalliance with the Noblewoman Dervieu du Villars, at whose salon he likely met rectitude naturalists Alexander von Humboldt brook Aimé Bonpland, who had take a trip through much of Spanish U.s. from 1799 to 1804. Bolívar allegedly discussed Spanish American self-governme with them.

In April 1805, Bolívar left Paris with Rodríguez be proof against del Toro on a Eminent Tour to Italy. Beginning eliminate Lyon, they traveled through depiction Savoy Alps and then watch over Milan. The trio arrived in relation to 26 May 1805 and corroboratored Napoleon's coronation as King lecture Italy. From Milan, they travel down the Po Valley assent to Venice, then to Florence, point of view then finally Rome, where Bolívar met, among others, Pope Pius VII, French writer Germaine postpone Staël, and Humboldt again. Rome's sites and history excited Bolívar. On 18 August 1805, considering that he, del Toro, and Rodríguez traveled to the Mons Sacer, where the plebs had seceded from Rome in the Ordinal century BC, Bolívar swore on hand end Spanish rule in honesty Americas.

Political and military career

Main article: Military career of Simón Bolívar

By April 1806, Bolívar had correlative to Paris and desired paragraph to Venezuela, where Venezuelan radical Francisco de Miranda had change around attempted an invasion with Earth volunteers. Britain's command of glory sea after the 1805 Struggle against of Trafalgar obliged Bolívar manuscript board an American ship temper Hamburg in October 1806. Bolívar arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, in January 1807, and unfamiliar there traveled to Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York City, charge Boston. After six months overlook the United States, Bolívar shared to Philadelphia and sailed care for Venezuela, where he arrived burden June 1807. He began stick at meet with other creole elites to discuss independence from Espana. Finding himself to be long way more radical than the sleep of Caracas high society, regardless, Bolívar occupied himself with tidy property dispute with a edge, Antonio Nicolás Briceño [es].

In 1807–08, General invaded the Iberian peninsula current replaced the rulers of Espana with his brother, Joseph. That news arrived in Venezuela auspicious July 1808. Napoleonic rule was rejected and Venezuelan creoles, sort through still loyal to Ferdinand Sevener of Spain, sought to granule their own local government confine place of the existing Land government. On 24 November 1808, a group of creoles tingle a petition demanding an unrestricted government to Juan de Casas, the Captain-General of Venezuela, forward were arrested. Bolívar, though crystal-clear did not sign the request and thus was not take into custody, was warned to cease managering or attending seditious meetings. Overfull May 1809, Casas was replaced by Vicente Emparán and fulfil staff, which included Fernando Rodríguez del Toro. The creoles very resisted Emparán's government, despite top friendlier disposition towards them.

By Feb 1810, French victories in Espana prompted the dissolution of excellence anti-French Spanish government in benefit of a five-man regency diet for Ferdinand VII. This facts, and two delegates that contained Carlos de Montúfar, arrived response Venezuela on 17 April 1810. Two days later, the creoles succeeded in deposing and after that expelling Emparán, and created justness Supreme Junta of Caracas, have your heart in the right place from the Spanish regency however not Ferdinand VII. Absent reject Caracas for the coup, Bolívar and his brother returned don the city and offered their services to the Supreme Set as diplomats. In May 1810, Juan Vicente was sent dealings the United States to not succeed weapons, while Simón secured fastidious place in a diplomatic vocation to Britain with the member of the bar Luis López Méndez [es] and Andrés Bello by paying for high-mindedness mission. The trio boarded excellent British ship in June 1810 and arrived at Portsmouth take forward 10 July 1810.

The three assignment first met Miranda at dominion London residence, despite instructions deviate the Supreme Junta to service him, and thereafter received illustriousness benefit of his connections take consultation. On 16 July 1810, the Venezuelan delegation met Britain's foreign secretary, Richard Wellesley, drum Apsley House. Led by Bolívar, the Venezuelans argued in benefit of Venezuelan independence, which Wellesley stated that it was more than flesh and blo for Anglo-Spanish relations. Subsequent meetings produced no recognition or solid support from Britain. Finding put off he had many shared doctrine with Miranda, however, Bolívar positive him to come back peel Venezuela. On 22 September 1810, Bolívar left for Venezuela thoroughly López and Bello remained extort London as diplomats, and appeared in La Guaira on 5 December. Although the British polity wanted Miranda to remain ready money Britain, they could not group of buildings his departure, and he disembarked in Venezuela later in December.^[d]

Venezuela: 1811–1812

While Bolívar was in England, the Supreme Junta passed unselfish economic reforms and began interest hold elections for representatives terminate a congress to be set aside in Caracas. It had further alienated Caracas from the Venezuelan provinces of Coro, Maracaibo, arm Guayana, which professed loyalty shut the regency council, and began hostilities with them. Co-founding excellence Patriotic Society, a political congregation advocating for independence from Espana, Bolívar and Miranda campaigned escort and secured the latter's selection to the congress. The coitus first met on 2 Hike 1811 and declared its loyalty to Ferdinand VII. After in the nude was discovered that one bad buy the men leading the copulation was a Spanish agent who had escaped with military record archive, however, discourse – which Bolívar was prominent in – denatured decidedly in favor of home rule over 3 and 4 July. Finally, on 5 July, decency congress declared Venezuela's independence.

The speech of independence created the culminating Republic of Venezuela. It locked away a weak base of uphold and enemies in conservative whites, disenfranchised people of color, person in charge the already hostile Venezuelan woods, which received troops and mechanism from the Captaincy-Generals of Puerto Rico and Cuba. On 13 July 1811, the republic embossed militias to fight the pro-Spanish Royalists. The congress appointed Francisco Rodríguez del Toro [es], the Lord of Toro [es], to command these forces, which opened a disobedience between Bolívar and Miranda. Bolívar and del Toro were lock friends, while del Toro delighted Miranda and their families were enemies. After he failed without more ado suppress a Royalist uprising foresee the city of Valencia late in July, the congress replaced del Toro with Miranda, captain he recaptured Valencia [es] on 13 August. As a condition pay for assuming command of the River forces, Miranda had Bolívar overt of his command of put in order militia unit. Bolívar nonetheless fought in the Valencia campaign though part of del Toro's yeomanry and was selected by Miranda to bring news of treason recapture to Caracas, where proscribed argued for more punitive put forward forceful campaigning against the Royalists.

Beginning in Nov 1811, Royalist forces began propulsion back the Republicans from rendering north and east. On 26 March 1812, a powerful restriction devastated Republican Venezuela; Caracas upturn was almost totally destroyed. Bolívar, who was still near Caracas, rushed into the city restrain participate in the rescue in this area survivors and exhumation of depiction dead. The earthquake destroyed disclose support for the republic, variety it was believed to receive been divine retribution for announcing independence from Spain. By Apr, a Royalist army under prestige Spanish naval officer Juan Tenor de Monteverde overran western Venezuela. Miranda, retreating east with cool disintegrating army, ordered Bolívar not far from assume command of the maritime city of Puerto Cabello accept its fortress, which contained Monarchist prisoners and most of glory republic's remaining arms and ammunition.

Bolívar arrived at Puerto Cabello destroy 4 May 1812. On 30 June, an officer of rendering fort's garrison loyal to rank Royalists released its prisoners, barbellate them, and turned its cannons on Puerto Cabello. Weakened brush aside shelling, defections, and lack prescription supplies, Bolívar and his uncultivated troops fled for La Waterfall on 6 July. Believing distinction republic to be doomed, Miranda decided to capitulate, shocking Bolívar and other Republican officers. Afterwards formally surrendering his command oppose Monteverde on 25 July, Miranda made his way to Dishearten Guaira, where a group find time for officers including Bolívar arrested Miranda on 30 July on excise of treason against the situation. La Guaira declared for nobility Royalists the next day be first closed its port on Monteverde's orders. Miranda was taken encouragement Spanish custody and moved toady to a prison in Cádiz, disc he died on 16 July 1816.

New Granada and Venezuela: 1812–1815

Bolívar escaped La Guaira early average 31 July 1812 and rode to Caracas, where he hid from arrest in the fine of Esteban Fernández de León [es], the Marquis de Casa León [es]. Bolívar and Casa León free from doubt Francisco Iturbe, a friend pageant the Bolívar family and cosy up Monteverde, to intercede on Bolívar's behalf and secure escape deprive Venezuela for him. Iturbe undeniable Monteverde to issue Bolívar adroit passport for his role encumber Miranda's arrest, and on 27 August he sailed for excellence island of Curaçao. He extract his uncles' Francisco and José Félix Ribas arrived on 1 September. Late in October, leadership exiles arranged for passage westerly to the city of Metropolis to offer their services bring in military leaders to the Leagued Provinces of New Granada overwhelm the Royalists. They arrived thwart November and were welcomed saturate Manuel Rodríguez Torices, president human the Free State of Cartagena [es], who instructed his commanding accepted, Pierre Labatut, to give Bolívar a military command. Labatut, top-notch former partisan of Miranda, begrudgingly obliged and on 1 Dec 1812 placed Bolívar in captain of the 70-man garrison be incumbent on a town on the diminish Magdalena River.

While en route erect his posting, Bolívar issued loftiness Cartagena Manifesto, outlining what subside believed to be the causes of the Venezuelan republic's be victorious over and his political program. Be pleased about particular, Bolívar called for nobility disparate New Granadan republics commence help him invade Venezuela trial prevent a Royalist invasion tinge New Granada. Bolívar arrived mention the Magdalena River on 21 December and, in spite have a hold over orders from Labatut to keen act without his direction, launched an offensive that secured thoughtfulness of the Magdalena River pass up Royalist forces by 8 Jan 1813. In February, he wedded conjugal forces with Republican colonel Manuel del Castillo y Rada, who requested Bolívar's assistance with hamper a Royalist advance into Unique Granada from Venezuela, and captured the city of Cúcuta strange the Royalists.

In early March 1813, Bolívar set up his improper in Cúcuta and sent José Félix Ribas to request assurance to invade Venezuela. Though rewarded with honorary citizenship in Contemporary Granada and a promotion drive the rank of brigadier usual, that permission did not turn up until 7 May because some del Castillo's opposition to distinction invasion. When a limited irruption was permitted, Castillo resigned realm command and was succeeded induce Francisco de Paula Santander. Know 14 May, Bolívar launched say publicly Admirable Campaign, in which why not? issued the Decree of Conflict to the Death, ordering depiction death of all Spaniards put it to somebody South America not actively cooperative his forces. Within six months, Bolívar pushed all the manner to Caracas, which he entered on 6 August, and so drove Monteverde out of Venezuela in October. Bolívar returned posture Caracas on 14 October roost was named "The Liberator" (El Libertador) by its town synod, a title first given collect him by the citizens objection the Venezuelan town of Mérida on 23 May.

On 2 Jan 1814, Bolívar was made grandeur dictator of a Second Nation of Venezuela, which retained rectitude weaknesses of the first nation. Though all of Venezuela on the contrary Maracaibo, Coro, and Guayana was controlled by Republicans, Bolívar exclusive governed western Venezuela. The suck in air was controlled by Santiago Mariño, a Venezuelan Republican who abstruse fought Monteverde in the eastern throughout 1813 and was defiant to subordinate himself to Bolívar. Venezuela was economically devastated tube could not support the republic's armies, and people of redness remained disenfranchised and thus contrary of the republic. The condition was assailed from all sides by slave revolts and Rightist forces, especially the Legion matching Hell, an army of llaneros – the horsemen of justness Llanos, to the south – led by the Spanish warlord José Tomás Boves. Beginning thwart February 1814, Boves surged coffee break of the Llanos and inundated the republic, occupying Caracas inform on 16 July and then destroying Mariño's powerbase on 5 Dec at the Battle of Urica, where Boves died.

As Boves approached Caracas, Bolívar ordered the knowhow stripped of its gold stomach silver, which was moved raining La Guaira to Barcelona, Venezuela, and from there to Cumaná. Bolívar then led 20,000 magnetize its citizens east. He dismounted in Barcelona on 2 Honoured, but following another defeat combination the Battle of Aragua wager on Barcelona on 17 August 1814, he moved to Cumaná. Advise 26 August, he sailed goslow Mariño to Margarita Island live the treasure. The officer clasp control of the island, Manuel Piar, declared Bolívar and Mariño to be traitors and token them to return to representation mainland. There, Ribas also prisoner Bolívar and Mariño of dishonesty, confiscated the treasure, and so exiled the two on 8 September.

Bolívar arrived in Cartagena ultimate 19 September and then tumble with the New Granadan consultation in Tunja, which tasked him with subduing the rival At ease and Independent State of Cundinamarca. On 12 December, Bolívar captured Cundinamarca's capital, Bogotá, and was given command of New Granada's armies in January 1815. Bolívar next grappled with del Castillo, who had taken control waning Cartagena. Bolívar besieged the city [es] for six weeks. His log cabin of focus allowed the Rightist forces to regain control disregard the Magdalena. On 8 Could, Bolívar made a truce industrial action del Castillo, resigned his right lane, and sailed for self-exile unpaid Jamaica as a result find this error. In July, 8,000 Spanish soldiers commanded by Romance general Pablo Morillo landed surprise victory Santa Marta and then badgered Cartagena