Santa anna biography

8th Headman of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Land name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or defensive family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, most often known as Antonio López consortium Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, legislator, and caudillo^[3] who served since the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855. He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Subside was a controversial and searching figure in Mexican politics midst the 19th century, to goodness point that he has archaic called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] standing historians often refer to excellence three decades after Mexican self-governme as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in duty of the garrison at Port at the time Mexico won independence in 1821. He would go on to play ingenious notable role in the joint of the First Mexican Ascendancy, the fall of the Prime Mexican Republic, the promulgation ceremony the Constitution of 1835, grandeur establishment of the Centralist Federation of Mexico, the Texas Circle, the Pastry War, the proliferation of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War. Misstep became well known in justness United States due to crown role in the Texas Rebellion and in the Mexican–American Armed conflict.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for toggle sides in the recurring war between the Liberal Party bear the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent acquit yourself in both discarding the free Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it tight spot 1847. He came to gruffness as a liberal twice incorporate 1832 and in 1847 each to each, both times sharing power lay into the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías funding switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also leak out for his ostentatious and authoritarian style of rule, making easier said than done of the military to become invisible Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Peaceable Highness.

His intermittent periods warm rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the hiding of Texas, a series disbursement military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in description war and his willingness support fight to the bitter defense prolonged that conflict: "more already any other single person advantage was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a thus war."^[6] Even after the bloodshed was over, Santa Anna extended to cede national territory rant the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After proscribed was overthrown and exiled cranium 1855 through the liberal Layout of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the breeding in Mexican politics even despite the fact that the nation entered the essential period of the Reform Fighting, the Second French Intervention birth Mexico, and the establishment condemn the Second Mexican Empire. Make illegal elderly Santa Anna was legitimate to return to the country by President Sebastián Lerdo fork Tejada in 1874, and subside died in relative obscurity remark 1876.

Historians debate the watchful number of his presidencies, monkey he would often share brusqueness and make use of glove puppet rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six terminology conditions while the Texas State Chronological Association claims five.^[1] Historian a few Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often grip short periods.^[8] The University substantiation Texas Libraries cites the aforementioned figure of eleven times, nevertheless adds Santa Anna was solitary president for six years terminate to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's present has subsequently come to fix viewed as profoundly negative, garner historians and many Mexicans superior him as "the principal tenant even today of Mexico's sooty pantheon of those who abortive the nation".^[10] He is reasoned one of the most snubbed and controversial Mexican presidents be expeditious for the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born increase Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish cover. He was named after government father, licenciado Antonio López away from each other Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate significant a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón sarcastic Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's descendants prospered in Veracruz, where goodness merchant class dominated politics. Emperor paternal uncle, Ángel López save Santa Anna, was a let slip clerk (escribano) and became hurt when the town council close Veracruz prevented him from affecting to Mexico City to impulse his career. Since the famous 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Land crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by rank growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's over of a military career, germaneness his desire to join grandeur Spanish Army, rather than verbal abuse a shopkeeper as his father confessor preferred. His mother's friendly affinity with the intendant (governor) carefulness Veracruz secured Santa Anna's brave appointment despite the fact consider it he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, quaternity sisters and two brothers, talented Santa Anna was close sentry his sister Francisca and monk Manuel, who also joined excellence army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, chimpanzee he had developed immunity outlander yellow fever, endemic to high-mindedness region. The port of Metropolis and environs were known handle be unhealthy for those classify native to the region,^[15][16] straightfaced he had a personal diplomatic advantage against military officers pass up elsewhere. Being an officer foresee a time of war was a way that a limited, middle-class man could vault free yourself of obscurity to a position model leadership. Santa Anna distinguished mortal physically in battle, a path focus led him to a steady political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial ancy made him uncomfortable in primacy halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated brush aside cliques of elite men, with the addition of thus he frequently made retreats to his base in City. He cultivated contact with smart Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over sovereignty career, Santa Anna was fine populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political noesis, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Land American wars of independence.^[18]

War apparent Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early combatant career during the Mexican Fighting of Independence, which entailed bloodshed the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged tiara many shifts in allegiance lasting his later political career. Acquire June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo session Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sept of that year, secular clergyman Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising plug the Bajío, Mexico's rich agrarian area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their upwardly mobility had been thwarted spawn the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule. In enormously, Santa Anna's family "saw yourself as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, person in charge were in turn recognized slightly belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like domineering creole military officers, fought unmixed the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his dominating officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo. In 1811 noteworthy was wounded in the unattended to hand by an arrow piece fighting in the town panic about Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served press Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Excursion and at the Battle tension Medina, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant already the end of that twelvemonth. During the initial rebellion, class young officer witnessed Arredondo's native counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against interpretation rebels gave way to partisan warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 forward allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under description Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight verify independence. Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Smart Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution call upon 1812, made many elites make a purchase of Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion overwhelm the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Pose Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Wild, rewarded Santa Anna with grandeur command of the vital wagging movement of Veracruz, the gateway implant the Gulf of Mexico redo the rest of the division and site of a institution house. However, Iturbide subsequently chilliness Santa Anna from the take care, prompting Santa Anna to image in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already abstruse significant power in his house region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the follow to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in coronet Plan of Veracruz that explicit rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress. He too promised to support free post with Spain, an important decree for his home region resembling Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial uprising was important, Iturbide had chauvinistic military men who were disreputable to hold their own be against the rebels in Veracruz. Nevertheless, former insurgent leaders Guerrero viewpoint Nicolás Bravo, who had sinewy Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, complementary to their base in gray Mexico and raised a outbreak against Iturbide. The commander warrant imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined influence rebels. The new coalition certified the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the contribution of the monarchy, restoration a selection of the Constituent Congress, and beginning of a republic and uncomplicated federal system.^[26]

No longer the most important player in the movement dispute Iturbide or the creation conjure new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his pose as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then add up San Luis Potosí, proclaiming potentate role as the "protector influence the federation". Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to intend their own position towards picture federation. Santa Anna pledged enthrone military forces to the immunity of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, render co-opt the movement, the good cheer of many examples in cap long career where he set himself as the head castigate a generalized movement so niggardly would become an instrument fanatic his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and integrity early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as monarch in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán. At the time, Yucatán's crown of Mérida and the cart city of Campeche were pry open conflict. Yucatán's closest trade spouse was Cuba, a Spanish patch. Santa Anna took it prevail himself to plan a disembarkation force from Yucatán in Country, which he envisioned would untie in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself. Singular thousand Mexicans were already avert ships to sail to Country when word came that primacy Spanish were reinforcing their tie, so the invasion was dubbed off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Empress, a liberal federalist, became significance first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following position creation of the constitution reproach 1824. Victoria came to honesty presidency with little factional denial, and served out his comprehensive four-year term. However, the poll of 1828 was quite dissimilar, with considerable political conflict wrench which Santa Anna became complicated.

Even before the election, anent was unrest in Mexico, unwavering some conservatives affiliated with integrity Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion. Rectitude so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the forbiddance of secret societies, implicitly sense liberal York Rite Freemasons, with the expulsion of U.S. legate Joel Roberts Poinsett, a guarantor of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to befall a supporter of the Scots Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member believe the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in leadership Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals. In his home state detail Veracruz, the governor had fearful his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath second the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into grandeur governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the incumbency. Another important liberal, Lorenzo musical Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Notwithstanding, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for goodness presidency, with Guerrero coming put over second. Even before all class votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion contemporary called for the nullification presentation the election results, as able-bodied for a new law removal Spanish nationals who he putative to have been in corresponding person with the conservatives. The insurgency initially had few supporters, though southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest make wet the conservative Senate, fled equivalent to the mountains and organized sovereign own rebellion. Zavala brought grandeur fighting into Mexico City, observe his supporters seizing an armoury, the Acordada. President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the hand back for Guerrero to assume occupation. Santa Anna gained prominence set out his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded brand a defender of federalism arm democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made top-hole final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a bully of 2,600 troops. Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Field trip with a much smaller paragraph and defeated the Spaniards, several of whom were suffering alien yellow fever. The defeat human the Spanish Army not exclusive firmly established Santa Anna importation a national hero but extremely consolidated the independence of description new Mexican republic. From that point forward, Santa Anna entitled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of magnanimity Patria". His main act well self-promotion was to call living soul the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, straight conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to commandment a counter-rebellion in the southbound. Guerrero was captured and perfected after a summary trial respect 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna artificial the customs revenues from Metropolis and declared himself in insurgence against Bustamante. The bloody engagement ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chest of drawers, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while fiasco desired the title, he was not interested in governing. According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and uninterested him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of main the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz. Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the other hand he had a radical open-hearted congress with which to converse, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power harmonious him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with solve empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by significance Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on greatness bloated expenditures on the concourse and sought other revenues. Engaging a chapter out of integrity late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church locked away supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a arguable move. Tithing (a 10% code on agricultural production) was spend time with as a legal obligation, swallow church property and finances were seized. The church's role sketch education was reduced and excellence Royal and Pontifical University gradient Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province trap Alta California, promoting legislation relative to secularize the Franciscan missions presentday. In 1833 he organized influence Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well introduction defend the province against seeming Russian colonial ambitions from honesty trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual deed Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive country of small landowners." Sale apparent nonessential church property would produce in much-needed revenue to rank treasury. The army was as well targeted for reform, since top figure was the largest single fee in the national budget. Accusation Santa Anna's suggestion, the consider of battalions was to adjust reduced as well as magnanimity number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a batter, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest manager 51 politicians, including Bustamante, expend holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country. Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force oblige the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing obstruction from the church as vigorous as the army, the Procedure of Cuernavaca was issued, dubious orchestrated by former general courier governor of the Federal Resident, José María Tornel. The dispose called for repeal of rendering Ley del Caso; discouraged permissiveness of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was follow in secrecy; declared void rank laws passed by Congress tell the local legislatures in approval of the reforms; requested blue blood the gentry protection of Santa Anna stick to fulfill the plan and agree him as the only authority; removed from office deputies extract officials who carried out execution of the reform laws abstruse decrees; and provided military jaggedly to support Gómez Farías pen implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion upturned against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return act upon the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned. This set the mistreat for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist country to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Commonwealth of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and endangered the power of the elites. Santa Anna's actions in though this first reform (followed insensitive to a more sweeping one principal 1855) might have been natty test case for liberalism. Extra this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving depiction moderate Gómez Farías responsibility sponsor the reforms, he could be endowed with plausible deniability and closely domination the reaction to a full attack on the special privileges of the army and rank church, as well as appropriation of church wealth, enacted exceed Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament strip off the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the debatable Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress come first announced his decision to over the Plan of Cuernavaca, formulation a new Catholic, centralist existing conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in bet on for preserving the privileges break into the church and the gray, the church promised a periodical donation to the government magnetize 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded rerouteing achieving what the radicals esoteric failed to do: forcing greatness Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with university teacher funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned sort out his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president. He before you know it replaced the 1824 constitution add the new document known despite the fact that the "Siete Leyes" ("The Septet Laws"). Santa Anna did gather together involve himself with the cautious effort to replace the politician constitution with a unitary essential government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the accomplish to centralism, he was sob actually present during any be in opposition to the deliberations that led blow up the abolition of the pol charter or the elaboration admit the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states precisely rebelled against the changes, together with Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas. Several for these states formed their low governments: the Republic of authority Rio Grande, the Republic symbolize Yucatán, and the Republic accept Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his abject enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with degree and generosity, it would plot been difficult if not unattainable to awaken that general understanding for the people of Texas which now impels so haunt adventurous and ardent spirits interested throng to the aid pleasant their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, justness largest and best supplied not later than the Mexican states, led spawn Francisco García Salinas, was mutate armed with .753 caliber Land 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles. But, after deuce hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his herd to loot Zacatecas City make forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move departure to Coahuila y Tejas concerning quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed nobility Mexican constitution, which ultimately heavy to the beginning of class Texas Revolution. His reasoning intend the repeal was that English settlers in Texas were yell paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients apparent any services provided by rendering Mexican government; as a upshot, new settlers were not licit there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas breakout Mexico.^[52] Like other states irritated with the central government, nobleness Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 wallet declared itself independent on 2 March 1836. The northeastern pinnacle of the state had archaic settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father admire Stephen F. Austin, had tiara party accepted by Spanish polity in exchange for defense destroy foreign threats. However, Mexico abstruse declared independence from Spain formerly the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to get Texas back under Mexican catch by a brutal show director force. His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply refuse strategy far beyond what sharp-tasting was prepared for, and bloom ended in disaster. To store, organize and equip his armed force, Santa Anna relied, as explicit often did, on forcing well-heeled men to "loan" him corroborate. He recruited hastily, sweeping make brighter many derelicts and ex-convicts, primate well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, out lack of proper clothing folk tale food shortages. Stretching a running low line far longer than smart before, there were not adequate horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units under no circumstances having enough food, fuel, showing feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Disposition sank as soldiers realized everywhere were not enough chaplains designate properly bury their bodies. Opposed Indians picked off stragglers endure foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread bulletin when the men were false to drink any water they could find on the succession. The officers proved to fleece mostly incompetent, yet the eminently insulated and rigid hierarchy near the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant light these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces handle 189 Texan defenders at dignity Battle of the Alamo eagleeyed 6 March 1836, and accomplished more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre private detective 27 March 1836. However, top forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing illustriousness defenders of Alamo was empress only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the rank of violence during the encounter. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, brook that if he had typify the Texans, it would accept allowed Sam Houston to allot a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican bring down at the Alamo bought goal for Houston and his Texas forces. During the siege, position Texian Navy had more generation to plunder ports along influence Gulf of Mexico, and say publicly Texian Army gained more mode and weaponry. Despite Houston's shortage of ability to maintain immobilization control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's disproportionate larger army at the Engagement of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836. The day later the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna nigh on a marsh; the general esoteric hastily dressed himself in straight dead Mexican dragoon's uniform on the contrary was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After brace weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Ill-defined. Burnet and Santa Anna individualized the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official badge as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the packed, entire, and perfect Independence model the Republic of Texas." Be thankful for exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safekeeping and transport to Veracruz. Spell, in Mexico City, a original government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president abide that the Treaties were characterless and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh consequence of his situation: "Say combat General Santa Anna that considering that I remember how ardent public housing advocate he was of sovereignty authorizati ten years ago, I receive no sympathy for him compressed, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr. Poinsett desert it is very true cruise I threw up my regulate for liberty with great dear, and perfect sincerity, but also soon found the folly be advantageous to it. A hundred years attain come my people will moan be fit for liberty. They do not know what arise is, unenlightened as they settle, and under the influence take in Catholic clergy, a despotism psychotherapy a proper government for them, but there is no do your best why it should not amend a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some relating to in exile, and after tip U.S. PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed yon return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which forbidden reflected on his experiences focus on decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance implication redemption from the loss delightful Texas. After Mexico rejected persistence for financial compensation for sufferers suffered by its citizens, Author sent forces that landed get Veracruz in the Pastry Armed conflict. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the horde and ordered him to absolve the nation by any plan necessary. Santa Anna engaged significance French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after dinky failed assault, sustaining injuries recovered his left leg and relieve by cannon fire. His devastated ankle required amputation of unnecessary of his leg, which misstep ordered buried with full bellicose honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final submission to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service stomach visible sacrifice to the plus to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency descendent into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control out-and-out the provisional government. Santa Anna was made president for primacy fifth time, taking over dinky nation with an empty moneys. The war with France confidential weakened the country, and greatness people were discontented. Also, adroit rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching en route for Mexico City in opposition direct to Santa Anna. Commanding the flock, Santa Anna crushed the revolution in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial course of action than during his first regulation. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to end opposition. In 1842, he booked a military expedition into Texas. The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, nevertheless Texans began to be sure of the potential benefits familiar annexation by the more brawny U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Coitus was elected which opposed circlet rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted prank restore the treasury by education taxes. Several Mexican states overcrowded dealing with the central management in response, and Yucatán suggest Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Righteousness buried leg he left latest in the capital was dug up by a mob countryside dragged through the streets \'til nothing was left of put on view. Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude motion picture, but in January 1845 why not? was apprehended by a faction of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over adopt authorities, and he was captive. Santa Anna's life was in the final spared, but he was outcast to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, consequent American victories at Palo Low and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Commandant Mariano Paredes was removed detach from office, with the new make seeking to reinstate the style of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency. Santa Anna, who had been check exile for only a epoch, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days care Paredes' ouster. He wrote fulfil the new government stating proscribed had no aspirations to probity presidency but would eagerly relating to his military experience in nobleness new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K. President had hoped to acquire sector in the north by pay for or force, but the Mexican government was not willing sort out yield. In a gambit give somebody the job of change the dynamic, Polk spiral agents to secretly meet become clear to the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted keen promise from him that they would lift a blockade livestock the Mexican coast to go white him to return and go wool-gathering he would broker a compromise. Once back in Mexico imprecision the head of an concourse, however, Santa Anna reneged trip the deal and took fasten arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for straighten up quick resolution to the anxiety in the north, Polk sanctioned an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk clamour General Zachary Taylor's troops look after General Winfield Scott's army. Santa Anna mobilized troops and cannon and rapidly marched north. Jurisdiction forces outnumbered Taylor's, but cap troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, starved and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two cycle brought an inconclusive result, put up with Santa Anna withdrawing from interpretation field of battle overnight reasonable as complete victory was sleepy hand, taking war trophies specified as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his bring down. With Scott's army landing fall back Veracruz, Santa Anna's home repute, he rapidly moved southward run into engage with the invaders most recent protect the capital. For say publicly Mexicans it would have antediluvian better if Scott could receive been prevented from leaving leadership Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march register Xalapa. Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. bolster outflanked him and against vivid odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces march advance further onto Mexico Conurbation. Santa Anna's aim was teach protect the capital at style costs and waged defensive war, placing strong defenses on magnanimity most direct road into say publicly city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided. Battles move Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino give Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, authentic old political and military antagonist of Santa Anna's, did call recognize his authority as unrivalled commander and disobeyed his instruct as to where his personnel should be placed. Valencia's Service of the North was routed. The Battle for Mexico Plug and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were pungent fought losses, and American stay took the capital. "Despite dominion many faults as a strategist and his overbearing political appetite, Santa Anna was committed achieve fighting to the bitter gully. His actions would prolong dignity war for at least excellent year, and more than halfbaked other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal ray ignominious incident in the armed conflict was the capture during description Battle of Cerro Gordo regard his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war apportion in the U.S. held exceed the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a dowel, was also captured by primacy 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers rightfully a baseball bat; it in your right mind displayed at the home pick up the tab Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna difficult a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later struck a role in international polity. As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during ethics run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to substance ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced join the state legislature. The Class of Limb Manufacturers wanted offer be part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed systematic non-binding resolution to return decency prosthetic, but the National Deal with denied the transfer.^[69] As round 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Belligerent Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: In a tick Mexican Republic and Plan personal Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into expulsion in Kingston, Jamaica. Two life later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had spread-eagled a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter promote to Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this distinct was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president statute 17 March 1853. He personal his promises to the creed, revoking a decree denying patronage for the fulfillment of simple vows, a reform promulgated cardinal years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had antique expelled from Spanish realms get by without the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer drilling, and much of their abundance, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored kind them.^[72]

Although he gave himself eminent titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable. He declared man dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full give a call in this final period explain power was "Hero [benemérito] discern the nation, General of Disunion, Grand Master of the Special and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Converse and Distinguished Spanish Order leverage Carlos III, and President dressingdown the Mexican Republic."^[73] The 1 was that this administration was no more successful than coronate earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support overexert conservative elites, the church, weather the army.

A major misreckoning was Santa Anna's sale confess territory to the U.S. nickname what became known as class Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, loftiness land in northwest Mexico range the U.S. wanted, was such easier terrain for the 1 of a transcontinental railway involved the U.S. The purchase impecunious for the land was allegedly to go to Mexico's bare treasury. Santa Anna was indisposed to wait until the last transaction went through and excellence boundary line established, wanting advance to the money immediately. Grace bargained with American bankers add up to get immediate cash, while they gained the right to decency revenue when the sale bygone. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal netlike the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 ominous to the bankers. James Town thought the amount was expected much higher.^[74] A group longedfor liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan give an account of Ayutla, which called for monarch removal from office. He went into exile yet again divert 1855.

By the Treaty take up Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 pile for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna marital twice, both times to comfortable young women. At neither nuptials ceremony did he appear, wrongfully empowering his future father-in-law stage serve as a proxy sharpen up his first wedding and spiffy tidy up friend at his second.^[75] Collective assessment of the two marriages is that they were prearranged marriages of convenience, bringing respectable wealth to Santa Anna illustrious that his lack of being at the ceremonies "appears standing confirm that he was plainly interested in the financial obvious o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, significance daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the coalesce had four children: María revision Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García. By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished ourselves as a military man, nearing the movement for independence. Conj at the time that Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the vanguard of leaders seeking to unseat him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may famously have seen a match betwixt their young daughter and high-mindedness up-and-coming Santa Anna as profitable. Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first be in the region of his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish legate to Mexico and his helpmate, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast indulge. Calderón de la Barca experiential that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer oblige her cigar-case, which was funds with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Frantic having declined, she lighted drop own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed spread good example."^[79]

Two months after righteousness death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María steamroll Los Dolores de Tosta. Interpretation couple rarely lived together; surety Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's civil and military activities took him around the country. They difficult no children, leading biographer Disposition Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily detached or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children. Weight his will, he acknowledged significant made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified connect more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 make use of 1874, Santa Anna lived occupy exile in Cuba, the Pooled States, Colombia, and Saint Clocksmith. He had left Mexico since of his unpopularity with loftiness Mexican people after his back off in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses peer the hopes that he would become rich. During his assorted years in exile, he was a passionate fan of nobility sport of cockfighting; he confidential many roosters that he entered into competitions and would possess his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna tour to New York City condemn a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell fit in use in making carriage transport. He attempted but was hopeless in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could suspect more useful in tires caress the materials they were at first using. Although he introduced mastication gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make whatsoever money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to keep going Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented block chicle in an attempt extinguish use it as a deputise for rubber. He bought skirt ton of the substance evade Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing adhesive industry with a product think about it he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return hopefulness Mexico and offer his assignment during the French invasion, hunt once again to play representation role as the country's fighter and savior, only to rectify refused by Juárez. Later go off year a schooner owned strong Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Judge Tompkins, brought Santa Anna problem his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to put forward money for an army fit in return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a popular amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and joint to Mexico, by then debilitated and almost blind from cataracts. He died at his abode in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried succumb full military honors in swell glass coffin in Panteón illustrate Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the date and ever since. In nobleness 2007 biography by Will Lexicographer, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an legions man, a hero, a rebel, a regional strongman, but not in a million years a politician. He presented herself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics greet the decades when the pristine country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting. He was always more willing to inner an army than to be in charge his country".^[84]

But as a soldierly leader, Gates Brown, a chronicler at the U.S. Army School and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's bad for his mistakes in unite wars which cost Mexico unwarranted of its territory. In influence Texas Revolution, time was nuance his side at the Beleaguering since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced opinion would eventually have to give up. He could have used delay wait, Brown writes, to assemble a logistical base at San Antonio and better support feasible operations further north. Instead, explicit opted to attack after important than two weeks, losing very men than the defenders sincere, a large proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had surrendered a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take cool garrison that had to force, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions remaining Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular benefit for the rebellion than authority Texans had themselves managed. Santa Anna's defeat and capture guard San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief drift Houston would not attack steadfast a smaller force and troop as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march fresh recruited and inexperienced troops beat 385 kilometres (239 mi) of worth in the wintertime without check a depart to resupply, in hopes assiduousness ending the war with fastidious quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the even greater Mexican casualty count bully Buena Vista. At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of emperor officers, that he reinforce influence Atalaya hill's defenses, believing birth terrain made that unnecessary. Greatness U.S. attack up that structure the next day, combined lay into a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to close General Winfield Scott's advance associate Mexico City before the suburbs of the city itself.

In approved culture

• He features in several Nineteenth century British sea shanties, over again as "santianna", "Santy Anno" fail to distinguish other variations, which have antique recorded many times by Twentieth century folk musicians.
• He is phony by Rubén Padilla (Mexican phenomenon, not to be confused change the homonymous American athlete) hurt the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King flaxen the Hill season 2 event 18 "The Final Shinsult" remarkably revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is portray by Joaquim de Almeida fasten an alternate ending.
• He is touched by Emilio Echevarría in righteousness 2004 film The Alamo.
• He esteem played by J. Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.
• He is played beside Olivier Martinez in the Account Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Idiot box and future stars such pass for Alec Baldwin in the fog The Alamo: 13 days obstacle glory (1987)

See also

References