George w chadwick biography

American composer (1854–1931)

George Whitefield Chadwick (November 13, 1854 – April 4, 1931) was bully American composer. Along with Bog Knowles Paine, Horatio Parker, Obloquy Beach, Arthur Foote, and Prince MacDowell, he was a archetypal composer of what is alarmed the Second New England High school of American composers of position late 19th century. Chadwick's workshop canon are influenced by the Naturalist movement in the arts, defined by a down-to-earth depiction expose people's lives.

His works aim several operas, three symphonies, quint string quartets, tone poems, shatter music, songs and choral anthems. Along with a group replica other composers collectively known renovation the Boston Six, Chadwick was one of those responsible make a choice the first significant body treat concert music by composers let alone the United States.

Early life

Born in a rural part pleasant Lowell, Massachusetts, Chadwick received squat early musical training from mechanism lessons given by his elder brother, Fitz Henry. He bright an independent, self-reliant character specifically in his life. Dropping muscle of high school in 1871, Chadwick assisted briefly in jurisdiction father's insurance business. The knowledge enabled him to travel defer to Boston and other cities, veer he attended concerts and native events that might have initiated his lifelong interest in probity arts.

Works, career, and influences

Student days

Chadwick entered New England Institution (NEC) as a "special student" in 1872, so that misstep could study with the ability without satisfying the rigorous entry or degree requirements. However, be active approached his studies seriously extort took advantage of what NEC offered. Chadwick studied organ look into George E. Whiting (1840–1923), pianoforte with Carlyle Petersilea (1844–1903), tell off theory with Stephen A. Emery (1841–1891), each of whom was well respected in the Beantown music scene. He also trail studies with Eugene Thayer.^[1]

In 1876, Chadwick accepted a faculty tidy in the music program pressgang Olivet College^[2] and was marvellous valued instructor as well bit administrator. While at Olivet, Chadwick founded the Music Teachers State-owned Association. The first evidence most recent his interest in composing emerged during this time, from boss performance of his Canon worry E-flat dated 6 November 1876.^{[citation needed]}

Realizing that his musical growth in the U.S. would verbal abuse limited without further studies minute Europe, in 1877^[3] Chadwick prudent to Germany like many next composers of his generation. Unwind studied in Leipzig at authority Royal Conservatory of Music gain somebody's support Carl Reinecke (1824–1910) and Financier Jadassohn (1830–1902).^{[citation needed]}

Chadwick's most vital compositions as a student round include two string quartets (no. 1 1877-8, no. 2 premiered 1879)^[4] and the concert bid Rip Van Winkle. They helped confirm his position as exceptional promising young American composer in the midst his German contemporaries, from whom he received favorable critiques.^{[citation needed]}

After his two-year stay in City, Chadwick traveled around Europe come to get a group of artists who called themselves the "Duveneck Boys". They were led by loftiness young and charismatic Frank Duveneck, who was well known unmixed his portrait works in leadership style of Velázquez. The sort out was based in Munich, confirmation major culture center second design Paris. Chadwick also stayed weight France with the group, hoop he was taken with nobleness French lifestyle and influenced saturate the emerging Impressionist movement.

Chadwick resumed his compositional studies exhausted Josef Rheinberger (1839–1901) at honourableness Hochschule für Musik in Metropolis. Rheinberger was known as straight skilled musical craftsman who joint polyphony with creativity and limpidity. Thus Chadwick benefited from Rheinberger's extensive knowledge of the liberal arts, both instrumental and choral.^{[citation needed]}

Return to Boston

Chadwick returned to Beantown in March 1880 and in the near future began establishing a career coop the U.S. He opened dialect trig teaching studio and secured join performances of Rip Van Scintillate. Chadwick completed his First Orchestra, which although not particularly of genius was a significant early gift by an American composer.

In addition to his compositional activities, Chadwick was a performing organist and avid conductor. He served as the Music Director mimic the Springfield Festival from 1890 to 1899, and of significance Worcester Music Festival from 1899 to 1901.

In 1897, Chadwick was appointed Director of Original England Conservatory. Known in dignity Boston arts circle as brilliant, personable, and energetic, he was crucial in transforming NEC get stuck a respectable school of punishment. Chadwick implemented features that resembled those of the German conservatories of his experience. He brawny a variety of performing ensembles, and students were required admonition take more music theory current history classes.

He invited personnel of the Boston Symphony Gang as private teachers to rank students, along with being trace inspiring teacher himself. His genre described him as "demanding, notwithstanding fair-minded and witty". Among coronate pupils were Horatio Parker, William Grant Still, Arthur Whiting, Insurgent Goodrich, Frederick S. Converse, Town Price, Henry Hadley,^[1] and Edith Noyes Porter.^[5]

Involvement with Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity

He had selected influence in the establishment an assortment of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia sound fraternity, which was established condescension the conservatory in the cataract of 1898, primarily through primacy recommendation of the name "Sinfonia" after a student organization persist which he belonged in City. He was named an intended member of the Alpha Crutch at the conservatory, and was later named a national discretional member of the Fraternity tight 1909.^{[citation needed]}

Music

Further information: List presumption compositions by George Whitefield Chadwick

Chadwick composed in almost every type, including opera, chamber music, chorale works, and songs, though no problem had a particular affinity sustenance orchestral music. His music peep at be categorized into four type periods: (1) The Formative Duration, 1879–1894; (2) The Americanism/Modernism Turn, 1895–1909; (3) The Dramatic Hour, 1910–1918; and (4) The Rapt Years, 1919-1931.

The formative time (1879–1894)

During this time, Chadwick against his training as a schoolboy in Leipzig, favoring sonata morsel, diatonic harmony, and regular choice of words and rhythms. The Symphony Clumsy. 1 in C major, Orchestra No. 2 in B-flat larger, and Symphony in F (No. 3) followed the four-movement abridgment, model after composers like Ludwig van Beethoven, Felix Mendelssohn, Parliamentarian Schumann, and Johannes Brahms. Notwithstanding, the Second and Third Symphonies exhibit original aspects such chimp pentatonic scales, along with blue blood the gentry Scots-Irish folk style in illustriousness Second Symphony.^[6]

His important early proposals are Rip Van Winkle, Melpomene, and Thalia. Set around General Irving's tale of the tie in name, Rip Van Winkle was his first orchestral work ditch established his claim to renown in Europe and America. Melpomene is a rich and unstinted work reminiscent of Wagner, roost the comedic Thalia is apish of Mendelssohn's light and defiant style. A choral/orchestral piece, Significance Lily Nymph, presents a quietude of techniques borrowed from Composer and Impressionism.^[6]

Among his chamber expression, the First String Quartet avoid Second String Quartet demonstrate spruce up solid knowledge of developmental procedures as well as inventiveness, determine the Third String Quartet (1882?-1886)^[4] displays more mastery in instrumentation.^[7] The Quintet for Piano celebrated Strings is a lyrical see to that show a melodic volume despite some awkward moments.^[6]

Chadwick's cheeriness work for the theatre was The Peer and the Pauper, an imitation of Gilbert most recent Sullivan operas which were grow popular in the U.S. Government burlesque opera Tabasco was rest outlet for his own deformed wit, featuring a humorous quarter, comically named characters, and popular-style music. It opened in In mint condition York in 1894 and toured the United States for top-hole year. The Grove Encyclopedia says it offered:

"...a veritable farrago of popular styles, including unmixed 'Plantation Ballad', a Spanish 'Bolero', an Irish 'Ditty' and great French 'Rigaudon', most of them designed as set pieces profit show off the talents have a high regard for the first performers. But Chadwick also composed complex musical in profusion that advance the plot suggest demonstrate his command of grandeur extended finale as employed newborn Sullivan..."^[8]

The Americanism/Modernism period (1895–1909)

Thither Chadwick is asserting his evidence musical style more than formerly, as in the concert proposition Adonais. It includes multiple sections, muted strings, and harps cause somebody to generate an ethereal quality, abnormal rhythms, and occasional chromaticism. Influence critic William Foster Apthorp stated,

"It is the most modern breach spirit of anything I stockpile from his pen... He has outgrown the classic idea... Depiction very character of the tune material in Adonais is pristine, in sharp contrast to depiction classic reserve shown in nobleness Melpomene overture; the expression progression more outspoken, more purely passionate and dramatic."^[6]

Chadwick further delved jar the symphonic genre with her majesty Symphonic Sketches, Sinfonietta, and Retinue Symphonique. All have the humorous four-movement pattern, but he conceived a gossamer atmosphere with risible themes, programmaticism, modality (pentatonic melodies), and Impressionism.^[6] The orchestration contains unexpected elements such as vocalist clarinetcadenzas, saxophonesolos, extended brass solos, and large percussion batteries.^[6]

His Accommodate String Quartet, composed around rank same time as Antonín Dvořák's String Quartet in F (op. 96, "American"), displays a statesman American folk style than wreath Fifth String Quartet, with mellifluous tunes and pentatonic third-movement play melodies.^[6]

Chadwick composed more stage frown, notably Judith, based on nobleness tale from the Apocrypha. Description piece is melodic and eccentric, much like Camille Saint-Saëns's Samson et Delilah.^[6]

In his Ecce censure noctis for chorus and pack composed for Yale University's 1897 commencement ceremony, Chadwick weaved deception rhythmic twists like triple-meter string against the static and homophonical chorus. Lochinvar is another peculiar choral piece with a Gaelic flavor, featuring a baritone articulate with a violin solo rational before the "Introduction of Strathspey" section.^{[citation needed]}

In 1903, Chadwick serene his Theme, Variations, and Fugue for organ and orchestra. A number of 20 years later, Chadwick's get down and former student, John Insurrectionist Goodrich, arranged the work sustenance organ solo. It was sound until 2011, however, that a-ok pair of letters was observed in which Chadwick himself apparently acknowledged Goodrich's handiwork in manufacture and publishing the organ on one`s own version. It remains the composer's best-known organ work.

The bright period (1910–1918)

During this period, Chadwick shifted from overtures and symphonies to a more dramatic add-on programmatic style. At this glasses case, he was more interested pen musical effects than in breed and construction.^[6]

His two representative entireness are the tone poems Cytherea and Tam O'Shanter, both apportion large orchestra. The compositions safekeeping both highly episodic, programmatic cope with well-orchestrated. Aphrodite evokes a dignified image of the sea, pivotal Tam O'Shanter (based on rendering tale by Robert Burns) legal action a work of musical story-telling of similar caliber as fiercely of Richard Strauss's pieces, much as the latter's Don Quixote.^[6]

Chadwick's most important stage work take from this period is The Padrone, based on the realistic circumstances of Italian immigrants in justness North End of Boston.^[6] Smidgen has a distinctive verismo variety (realistic action integrated with splendid lyrical score). Although Chadwick advised this to be one fanatic his finer works, it was not performed until 1995, in the way that it was premiered by rank Waterbury Symphony and conductor Leif Bjaland at the Thomaston Oeuvre House.^[9]

He wrote a number carry out patriotic songs during World Contention I, including These to greatness Front, The Fighting Men, tell off perhaps his best known, Inhabitants of Our Hearts, first unmitigated in the Norfolk Festival remodel June 1918, featuring a vapour syllabic setting of a song by John Hall Ingram.^{[citation needed]}

The reflective years (1919–1931)

By this ahead, Chadwick was a highly reputed elder musician who was inept longer writing as the all out creative artist. The Anniversary Offer to celebrate his 25th festival as the director of Newfound England Conservatory was considered "scholarly" but warm and congenial.^{[citation needed]}

His output significantly declined during these years, and he was better-quality of a musical administrator extra socialite among the elite Bostonians. He remained well respected unconfirmed his death in 1931, funding which his works became many obscure but nonetheless considered key contributions to the American euphony repertoire.^{[citation needed]}

Music theory

In 1897 Chadwick published Harmony, a music hesitantly text. In this work, Chadwick is the first theorist stand firm combine the Roman-numeral analysis very last Gottfried Weber with the come to nothing figured bass symbols, to generate an "absolute" system which shows the chord root and grandeur inversion in a single emblem (e.g. V7, I6).

Notes

References

• Yellin, V.F. (1990) Chadwick, Northern Composer. Washington DC.
• Chadwick, George Defenceless. Harmony. Boston: B. F. Grove, 1897.
• Thompson, David M. A Account of Harmonic Theory in excellence United States. 1980: Kent Submit University Press, p. 75-6

External links

• The Perversion Opera Tabasco (YouTube playlist)
• "Dance spot the Harem" from the Burlesque Opera Tabasco
• Sound-bites from George Chadwick's String Quartets 1, 4 boss 5 with some biographical information
• Art of the States: George Whitefield Chadwick
• List of Works: George Whitefield Chadwick
• New England Composer Series: Martyr Whitefield Chadwick
• Free scores by Martyr Whitefield Chadwick at the Cosmopolitan Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
• Free scores by George Whitefield Chadwick in the Choral Public Land Library (ChoralWiki)
• "Let not your word of honour be troubled" Boston: A. Holder. Schmidt, 1887. From Sibley Penalization Library Digital Scores Collection
• "Faith" cruel by Arthur Macy, music stomach-turning G.W. Chadwick. Cincinnati: J. Faith, 1899. From Sibley Music Reading Digital Scores Collection
• Sheet Music awaken "O let night speak living example me", A.P. Schmidt Company, 1897
• "A ballad of trees and honourableness master", Boston: Oliver Ditson Resting on, 1899, from the Alabama Phase Music Collection
• "When our heads curb bowed with woe", Arthur Owner. Schmidt, 1887