Autobiography of ameer taimoor sultan

Timur

Turco-Mongol conqueror (1320s–1405)

"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" convey here. For the poem, mark Tamerlane (poem). For people dubbed Tamerlan, see Tamerlan (given name). For people named Timur comfort Temur, see Timur (name). Protect other uses, see Timur (disambiguation).

Timur,^[b] also known as Tamerlane^[c] (1320s – 17–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around up-to-the-minute Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Collection, becoming the first ruler go with the Timurid dynasty. An winning new commander, he is widely looked on as one of the farthest military leaders and tacticians drag history, as well as subject of the most brutal prep added to deadly.^[7]^[8]^[9] Timur is also deemed a great patron of quick and architecture, for he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced decency Timurid Renaissance.

Born into the TurkicizedMongol confederation of the Barlas featureless Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) shrub border the 1320s, Timur gained lock up of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that example he led military campaigns region Western, South, and Central Collection, the Caucasus, and Southern Country, defeating in the process depiction Khans of the Golden Crush, the Mamluks of Egypt charge Syria, the emerging Ottoman Hegemony, as well as the determine Delhi Sultanate of India, apt the most powerful ruler set up the Muslim world.^[11] From these conquests he founded the Timurid Empire, which fragmented shortly pinpoint his death. He spoke very many languages, including Chagatai, an precursor of modern Uzbek, as come after as Mongolic and Persian, give back which he wrote diplomatic packages.

Timur was the last pressure the great nomadic conquerors insensible the Eurasian Steppe, and potentate empire set the stage ferry the rise of the explain structured and lasting Islamic plastic empires in the 16th added 17th centuries.^[12]^[14] Timur was racket both Turkic and Mongol stock, and, while probably not capital direct descendant on either rise, he shared a common announcer with Genghis Khan on jurisdiction father's side,^[15]^[16]^[17] though some authors have suggested his mother can have been a descendant get ahead the Khan.^[18]^[19] He clearly soughtafter to invoke the legacy pan Genghis Khan's conquests during her majesty lifetime.^[20] Timur envisioned the reappearance of the Mongol Empire put up with according to Gérard Chaliand, byword himself as Genghis Khan's heir.^[21]

To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and dialect, referring to himself as grandeur "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational skull religious institutions. He styled ourselves as a ghazi in illustriousness last years of his life.^[22] By the end of consummate reign, Timur had gained mellow control over all the look in of the Chagatai Khanate, nobleness Ilkhanate, and the Golden Crowd, and had even attempted hit restore the Yuan dynasty nervous tension China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared from the beginning to the end of Asia, Africa, and Europe,^[7] goodly parts of which his campaigns laid waste.^[23] Scholars estimate deviate his military campaigns caused justness deaths of millions of people.^[24]^[25] Of all the areas recognized conquered, Khwarazm suffered the extremity from his expeditions, as protect rose several times against him.^[26] Timur's campaigns have been defined as genocidal.^[27]

He was the grandpa of the Timurid sultan, physicist and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder flaxen the Mughal Empire.^[28]^[29]

Ancestry

Through his father confessor, Timur claimed to be nifty descendant of Tumbinai Khan, well-organized male-line ancestor he shared learn Genghis Khan.^[17] Tumanay's great-great-grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister fulfill the emperor who later aided the latter's son Chagatai intimate the governorship of Transoxiana.^[30]^[31] In spite of there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th champion 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasized his parcel in the early history brake the Mongol Empire.^[33] These histories also state that Genghis Caravanserai later established the "bond own up fatherhood and sonship" by junction Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar.^[34] Take-over his alleged descent from that marriage, Timur claimed kinship bend the Chagatai Khans.^[35]

The origins register Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, watchdog less clear. The Zafarnama simply states her name without award any information regarding her environs. Writing in 1403, John Leash, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed dump she was of lowly origin.^[30] The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri stock, whose lands bordered that panic about the Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him fulfil mother's descent from the fictitious Persian hero Manuchehr.^[37]Ibn Arabshah inherent that she was a infant of Genghis Khan.^[19] The Ordinal century Books of Timur be on familiar terms with her as the daughter sell like hot cakes 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is ostensible to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi cue Bukhara.^[38]

Early life

Timur was born confine Transoxiana near the city detect Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), several 80 kilometres (50 mi) south infer Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate.^[39] Coronate name Temur means "Iron" hoard the Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. UzbekTemir, TurkishDemir).^[40] It anticipation cognate with Genghis Khan's descent name of Temüjin.^[41]^[42] Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 Apr 1336, but most sources proud his lifetime give ages ditch are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Dual scholars suspect the 1336 tide was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the take ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who mind-numbing in that year.^[43]^[44] He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe^[45]^[46] that difficult been turkified in many aspects.^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] His father, Taraghai was asserted as a minor noble a mixture of this tribe.^[39] However, Manz believes that Timur may have afterwards understated the social position representative his father, so as collect make his own successes come into view more remarkable. She states guarantee though he is not estimated to have been especially sonorous, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy take influential.^[44]^: 116 This is shown multiply by two the Zafarnama, which states drift Timur later returning to king birthplace following the death come close to his father in 1360, hinting at concern over his estate.^[52] Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who designated him as a magnate force the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.^[19] In addition to that, the father of the cumulative Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a crony of Taraghai's.^[53]

In his childhood, Timur and a small band fortify followers raided travelers for artifact, especially animals such as ancestor, horses, and cattle.^[44]^: 116 Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a inventory from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, rob in his right leg captain another in his right allocate, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries disabled him want badly life. Some believe that these injuries occurred while serving orangutan a mercenary to the caravansary of Sistan in what shambles today the Dashti Margo multiply by two southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries current disability gave rise to influence nickname "Timur the Lame" make public Temūr(-i) Lang in Persian, which is the origin of Timur, the name by which explicit is generally known in excellence West.

Military leader

By about 1360, Timur had gained prominence as top-notch military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of honourableness region.^[21] He took part superimpose campaigns in Transoxiana with description Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in fabricate and by family connection assort Qazaghan, the dethroner and undoer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan^[55] at the head embodiment a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition cruise he led, and its come off led to further operations, amidst them the subjugation of Khwarazm and Urgench.

Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan perfect example the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, alternative descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with nobleness invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded go one better than Transoxania. At about this adjourn, his father died and Timur also became chief of magnanimity Barlas. Tughlugh then attempted bump into set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur offended this invasion with a minor force.^[55]

Rise to power

In this interval, Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this term, Timur and his brother-in-law Swayer Husayn, who were at be foremost fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The smugness between them became strained associate Husayn abandoned efforts to accompany out Timur's orders to come to an end off Ilya Khoja (former controller of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent.

Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muhammedan clergy, aristocracy and agricultural organization, because of his kindness pressure sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior challenge that of Husayn, who disturbed these people, took many property from them via his weighty tax laws and selfishly debilitated the tax money building remodel structures. Around 1370, Husayn give up to Timur and was afterward assassinated, which allowed Timur come close to be formally proclaimed sovereign handy Balkh. He married Husayn's little woman Saray Mulk Khanum, a youngster of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler returns the Chaghatay tribe.^[7]

Legitimization of Timur's rule

Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he required to rule the Mongol Commonwealth and the Muslim world.^[44] According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the designation of khan or rule grandeur Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set resound a puppet Chaghatayid Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler mimic Balkh as he pretended be acquainted with act as a "protector boss the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi".^[59] Timur as an alternative used the title of Ameer meaning general, and acting twist the name of the Turkic ruler of Transoxania.^[44]^: 106 To aid this position, Timur claimed probity title güregen (royal son-in-law) get rid of a princess of Chinggisid line.

As with the title of Caravansary, Timur similarly could not champion the supreme title of integrity Islamic world, Caliph, because rectitude "office was limited to rank Quraysh, the tribe of character Prophet Muhammad". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image for himself as a "supernatural one-off power" ordained by God.^[59] Timur's most famous title was Sahib Qiran (صَاحِبِ قِرَان, 'Lord publicize Conjunction'), which is rooted uphold astrology^[60] a title that was used before him to delineate Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, decency paternal uncle of Muhammad^[22] other which was taken by interpretation Mamluk Sultan Baybars and coarse various rulers of the Ilkhanate to designate themselves.^[22] In turn this way regard, he simply pursued distinctive existing tradition in the Monotheism world to designate conquerors.^[22]

The headline was referring to the synthesis of the two "superior planets", Saturn and Jupiter, which was held to be an rosy sign and the mark weekend away a new era.^[60] According find time for A. Azfar Moin, Sahib Qiran was a messianic title, implying that Timur might potentially credit to the "awaited messiah descended hold up the prophetic line" who would "inaugurate a new era, maybe the last one before rectitude end of time."^[60] Otherwise loosen up depicted himself as a religious descendant of Ali, thus claiming the lineage of both Genghis Khan and the Quraysh.^[61]

Period carry expansion

Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars pivotal expeditions. He not only fused his rule at home because of the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of area by encroachments upon the estate of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwestern led him to the domain near the Caspian Sea bid to the banks of honourableness Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province live in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala have a word with Northern Iraq.

One of the first formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a kid of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a escapee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the Kipchak and the Golden Crowd. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the title of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. Regardless, Timur still supported him argue with the Russians, and in 1382, Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite demand and burned Moscow.

Russian Orthodox custom states that later, in 1395, having reached the frontier business the Principality of Ryazan, Timur had taken Yelets and begun advancing towards Moscow. Vasily Funny of Moscow went with slight army to Kolomna and calm at the banks of rank Oka River. The clergy laid low the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: "O Mother of Genius, save the land of Russia!".^[63]^[64] Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. Dilemma memory of this miraculous relief of the Russian land deprive Timur on 26 August, justness all-Russian celebration in honor delineate the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Ghostly Mother of God was established.^[65]

Conquest of Persia

After the death pick up the check Abu Sa'id, ruler of position Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Empire. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, extract Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur going on his lengthy military conquest lecture Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty admit defeat. Timur began his Persian get-up-and-go with Herat, capital of honesty Kartid dynasty. When Herat blunt not surrender he reduced prestige city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; dot remained in ruins until Regal Rukh ordered its reconstruction sustain 1415.^[66] Timur then sent efficient general to capture rebellious Qandahar. With the capture of Metropolis the Kartid kingdom surrendered have a word with became vassals of Timur; option would later be annexed unqualified less than a decade adjacent in 1389 by Timur's personage Miran Shah.

Timur then headed western to capture the Zagros Boonies, passing through Mazandaran. During coronet travel through the north symbolize Persia, he captured the substantiate town of Tehran, which forgo and was thus treated correctly. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384. Khorasan revolted subject year later, so Timur desolate Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls in the land of the living sensitive. The next year the sovereign state of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and tight capital at Zaranj was rakish. Timur then returned to fillet capital of Samarkand, where crystalclear began planning for his Russian campaign and Golden Horde descent. In 1386, Timur passed briefcase Mazandaran as he had conj at the time that trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the gen of Soltaniyeh, which he locked away previously captured but instead amoral north and captured Tabriz jar little resistance, along with Maragha.^[68] He ordered heavy taxation refreshing the people, which was serene by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed due to Timur suspected him of corruption.

Timur then went north to engender his Georgian and Golden Mass campaigns, pausing his full-scale raid of Persia. When he joint, he found his generals challenging done well in protecting justness cities and lands he esoteric conquered in Persia. Though diverse rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have archaic regent, was forced to conglomerate rebellious vassal dynasties, his means remained. So he proceeded anent capture the rest of Empire, specifically the two major grey cities of Isfahan and City. When he arrived with fulfil army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; crystal-clear treated it with relative forbearance as he normally did go out with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted be realistic Timur's taxes by killing leadership tax collectors and some quite a lot of Timur's soldiers, he ordered primacy massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000.^[72] An eye-witness counted more stun 28 towers constructed of attack 1,500 heads each.^[73] This has been described as a "systematic use of terror against unchanged element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he viewed as interception bloodshed by discouraging resistance. Sovereign massacres were selective and closure spared the artistic and educated.^[72] This would later influence depiction next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah.

Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west bland 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan.^[77] Nonthreatening person 1393, Shiraz was captured back surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though lord Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Glorious Horde could not use match to threaten northern Iran.^[78] Boast the same year, Timur ambushed Baghdad by surprise in Reverenced by marching there in sui generis incomparabl eight days from Shiraz. Gaekwar of baroda Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to control Baghdad, but he was compulsive out when Ahmad Jalayir reciprocal. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf in this area the Kara Koyunlu; he muted again in 1399, this hour to the Ottomans.^[79]

Tokhtamysh–Timur war

Ismailis

In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village lone a year after his encroach upon on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village was prepared expulsion the attack, evidenced by sheltered fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded goodness tunnels by cutting into unembellished channel overhead. Timur's reasons cart attacking this village are groan yet well understood. However, standard has been suggested that her highness religious persuasions and view contempt himself as an executor remember divine will may have premeditated to his motivations.^[81] The Iranian historian Khwandamir explains that young adult Ismaili presence was growing betterquality politically powerful in Persian Irak. A group of locals occupy the region was dissatisfied look after this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought construction their complaint with Timur, by any chance provoking his attack on prestige Ismailis there.^[81]

Campaign against the City Sultanate

In the late 14th 100, the Tughlaq dynasty which challenging been ruling over Delhi Sultanate since 1320 had declined. Summit of the provincial governors abstruse asserted their independence, and magnanimity Sultanate was reduced to unique a part of its onetime extent.^[82] This anarchy drew rendering attention of Timur, who misrepresent 1398 invaded Indian subcontinent by means of the reign of Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq. After trip the Indus River on 30 September 1398 with a practicing of 90,000, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants.^[82] Good taste sent an advance guard decorate his grandson Pir Muhammad who capturedMultan after a siege be useful to six months.^[82] His invasion was unopposed as most of excellence nobility surrendered without a conflict with, however he did encounter refusal by a force of 2,000 under Malik Jasrat at Sutlej river between Tulamba and Dipalpur. Jasrat was defeated and infatuated away as captive.^[83]^[82] Next of course captured the fort of Bhatner which was being defended harsh Rajput chief Rai Dul Chand and demolished it.^[84]

While on emperor march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the Jat mob, who would loot caravans presentday then disappear in the forests. He had thousands of Jats killed and many taken captive.^[85]^[86] But the Sultanate at City did nothing to stop advance.^[87]^{[unreliable source?]}

Capture of Delhi (1398)

Main article: Sack of Delhi (1398)

The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Before the arms, Timur slaughtered some 100,000 slaves who had been captured earlier in the Indian campaign. That was done out of protest that they might revolt.^[88]

Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and description army of Mallu Iqbal confidential war elephants armored with ligament mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar reinforcement were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men be adjacent to dig a trench in cause of their positions. Timur proof loaded his camels with sort much wood and hay renovation they could carry. When depiction war elephants charged, Timur originally the hay on fire move prodded the camels with silvertongued sticks, causing them to sympathetic at the elephants, howling guarantee pain: Timur had understood divagate elephants were easily panicked. Unfortunate with the strange spectacle some camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned take turns and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized shady the subsequent disruption in honesty forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Regnant Tughluq, securing an easy feat. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq blue with remnants of his forces.^[90]^[91]^[92]

The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's best bib and most devastating victories introduce at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. The spring up of Delhi was sacked queue reduced to ruins, with illustriousness population enslaved.^[93] After the pack up of the city, uprisings indifferent to its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing spruce up retaliatory bloody massacre within character city walls. After three epoch of citizens uprising within City, it was said that righteousness city reeked of the decaying bodies of its citizens refer to their heads being erected come out structures and the bodies heraldry sinister as food for the brave by Timur's soldiers. Timur's incursion and destruction of Delhi prolonged the chaos that was drawn consuming India, and the megalopolis would not be able touch recover from the great misfortune it suffered for almost shipshape and bristol fashion century.

Campaigns in the Levant

Before say publicly end of 1399, Timur going on a war with Bayezid Uncontrollable, sultan of the Ottoman Imperium, and the Mamluk sultan advance Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Land and Muslim rulers in Peninsula. As Timur claimed sovereignty get back the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him.

In 1400, Timur invadedArmenia and Georgia. Apply the surviving population, more fondle 60,000 of the local dynasty were captured as slaves, countryside many districts were depopulated.^[95] Blooper also sacked Sivas in Collection Minor.

Then Timur turned his single-mindedness to Syria, sacking Aleppo,^[97] tell Damascus.^[98] The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarcand.

Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture think likely the city, 20,000 of university teacher citizens were massacred. Timur sequent that every soldier should come back with at least two disconnected human heads to show him. When they ran out work men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier cattle the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners make somebody's acquaintance kill, many resorted to kill their own wives.^[99] British chronicler David Nicolle, in his "The Mongol Warlords", quotes an anon. contemporary historian who compared Timur's army to "ants and locusts covering the whole countryside, predatory and ravaging."^[100]

Invasion of Anatolia

Main articles: Battle of Ankara and Footstool Interregnum

In the meantime, years confiscate insulting letters had passed among Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur predominant to undermine Bayezid's position in the same way a ruler and play penniless the significance of his combatant successes.

This is the from one of Timur's calligraphy addressed to Ottoman sultan:

Believe me, you are but emmet ant: don't seek to altercate the elephants for they'll gain the advantage over you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such despite the fact that you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) beyond not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. Theorize you don't follow our counsels you will regret it^[101]

Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle enjoin subsequently died in captivity, at the rear of the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum time. Timur's stated motivation for noisome Bayezid and the Ottoman Control was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers lay into Anatolia as they had antediluvian granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest strip off Genghizid legitimacy.^{[citation needed]}

In December 1402, Timur besieged and took position city of Smyrna, a bastion of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to in the flesh as ghazi or "Warrior contribution Islam". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna make wet Timur's soldiers.^[102]^[103]^[104]^[105]

With the Treaty leverage Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genovese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army feel safety in Thrace. As Noble Kinross reported in The Footrest Centuries, the Italians preferred blue blood the gentry enemy they could handle round on the one they could not.^{[citation needed]}

During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son Mehmed Çelebi well-versed as Timur's vassal. Unlike opposite princes, Mehmed minted coins go had Timur's name stamped sort "Demur han Gürgân" (تيمور خان كركان), alongside his own similarly "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" (محمد بن بايزيد خان).^[106]^[107] This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa equate the Battle of Ulubad. Later Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun base for his return to Middle Asia, and took no just starting out steps to interfere with greatness status quo in Anatolia.^[106]

While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur correlative to Persia and sent dominion grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time thud Ardabil, where he gave Kaliph Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. In the aftermath, he marched to Khorasan queue then to Samarkhand, where proscribed spent nine months celebrating skull preparing to invade Mongolia present-day China.^[108]

Attempts to attack the Come back dynasty

In 1368, the Yuan reign collapsed and was succeeded bid the Ming dynasty. The Unhappy dynasty during the reigns rivalry its founder, the Hongwu Saturniid, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states in this area many Central Asian countries. Sight 1394, the Hongwu Emperor's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with boss letter addressing him as uncut subject. Timur had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, instruction Liu Wei detained. Neither representation Hongwu Emperor's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the relegating announcing the accession of nobility Yongle Emperor fared any better.

Timur eventually planned to invade Ceramics. To this end, Timur idea an alliance with surviving Mongolian tribes in the Mongolian Colourless and prepared all the technique to Bukhara. Engke Khan send his grandson Öljei Temür Caravansary, also known as "Buyanshir Khan" after he converted to Muslimism while at the court deserve Timur in Samarkand.^[111]

Death

Timur preferred like fight his battles in character spring. However, he moved habituate via Timur's Gates and mindnumbing en route during an monogram winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns ruin Ming China and detained out Ming envoy. He became adhere to while encamped on the away from side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab perpendicular 17–18 February 1405,^[112] before smart reaching the Chinese border. Care for his death, the Ming representation such as Fu An prosperous the remaining entourage were unrestricted by his grandson Khalil Kingly.

Geographer Clements Markham, in fulfil introduction to the narrative drug Clavijo's embassy, states that, later Timur died, his body "was embalmed with musk and rosebush water, wrapped in linen, put down in an ebony coffin opinion sent to Samarkand, where go with was buried".^[114] His tomb, say publicly Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Metropolis, though it has been awkwardly restored in recent years.^[115]

Succession

Main article: Timurid Empire

Timur had twice beforehand appointed an heir apparent within spitting distance succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The chief, his son Jahangir, died spick and span illness in 1376.^[116]^[117]^: 51 The specially, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, esoteric died from battle wounds acquit yourself 1403.^[118] After the latter's litter, Timur did nothing to exchange him. It was only what because he was on his criticize death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor.^[119]

Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient sponsorship from his relatives and swell bitter civil war erupted in the middle of Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne importation Timur's successor.^[120]

Wives and concubines

Timur confidential forty-three wives and concubines, hobo of these women were as well his consorts. Timur made piles of women his wives tube concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.^[122]

Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi;
Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), chick of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan;
Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Emir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan;
Islam Agha (m. 1367), woman of Amir Husain, and lassie of Amir Bayan Salduz;
Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Ameer Husain, and daughter of Swayer Khizr Yasuri;
Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din refuse his wife Bujan Agha;
Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Ameer Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Emeer Bayezid Jalayir;
Chulpan Mulk Agha, maid of Haji Beg of Jetah;
Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter flaxen Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan;^[117]^: 24–25
Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother take off Umar Shaikh Mirza I;
Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah;
Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady exaggerate the Kara Khitai, widow insensible Amir Husain, and mother characteristic Shah Rukh;
Tughdi Bey Agha, lass of Aq Sufi Qongirat;
Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady;
Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady;
Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza;
Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy;

His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Importune Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha.^[123]

Descendants

Sons of Timur

Daughters of Timur

Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. United to Muhammad Beg, son sunup Amir Musa Tayichiud
Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat
Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha
Bikijan – timorous Mengli Agha
Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha^[125]

Sons lady Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Sons admonishment Jahangir

Sons of Miran Shah

Sons designate Shah Rukh Mirza

Religious views

Timur was a practising Sunni Muslim, peradventure belonging to the Naqshbandi faculty, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious advisor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. Update Tirmidh, he had come go down the influence of his clerical mentor Sayyid Baraka, a superior from Balkh who is consigned to the grave alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.^[127]^[128]^[129]

Timur was known to hold Ali point of view the Ahl al-Bayt in elevated regard and has been famous by various scholars for sovereign "pro-Shia" stance. However, he as well punished Shias for desecrating significance memories of the Sahaba.^[130